1. Emile Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1951; Incest: The Nature and Origin of the Taboo. New York: L. Stuart, 1963.

2. Emile Durkheim, The Rules of the Sociological Method. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1962 (1895), p. 110.

3. Thomas J. Scheff, Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Nationalism, and War. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994, p. 63. Scheff's work is an exception to this tradition. Two earlier theories of social change that contained psychological dimensions have been ignored by academics: Everett Hagen, On the Theory of Social Change. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1962, and David McClelland, The Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand, 1961.

4. Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238.

5. G. P. Murdock, "The Science of Culture." American Anthropologist, 34(1932): 200.

6. Géza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality, and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950; George Devereux, Basic Problems of Ethnopsychiatry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980; Weston La Barre, The Human Animal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954; Eleanor Hollenberg Chasdi, Ed., Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; Robert L. Munroe and Ruth H. Munroe Cross-Cultural Human Development. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975; Melford E. Spiro, Culture and Human Nature. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1994.

7. James Horgan, The End of Science. Reading Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1996, p. 156.

8. Daniel T. Linger, "Has Culture Theory Lost Its Minds?" Ethos 22(1994): 297.

9. For a history of cultural determinism, see Derek Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 34-49.

10. Ibid., p. 45.

11. John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, "The Psychological Foundations of Culture." In Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, Eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 26.

12. Ibid., p. 114.

13. Paul Veyne, Writing History. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1984, p. 183.

14. Hayden Shite, The Content of the Ofrm: Narrative Discourse and Historical Interpretation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, p. 75.

15. T. W. Adorno, et al., The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Row, 1950; Neil J. Kressel, Ed., Political Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1993; Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982.

16. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968, p. 186. To see how little the psychology of social action has changed for most social theorists, see John Sinisi, "The Shadow of Hobbes." Rethinking Marxism 7(1994): 87-99.

17. George P. Brockway, The End of Economic Man: Principles of Any Future Economics. New York: HarperCollins, 1986, p. 16.

18. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955; Talcott Parsons, The Evolution of Societies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1977; Sigmund Freud, "Civilization and Its Discontents." Standard Edition, Vol. XXI. London: The Hogarth Press, 1961; Géza Róheim, The Origin and Function of Culture. New York: Anchor Books, 1943. For a massive bibliographical survey, see Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1994.

19. Jeffrey M. Masson, The Assault on the Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1990.

20. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychyological Works of Sigmund Freud. "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality." Vol. VII (1905). London: The Hogarth Press, 1955, p. 86; Vol. XVI. "Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis." p. 370; Vol. XXI. "Female Sexuality," p. 232; Vol. XVI. "Three Essays," p. 148; Vol. XVI, "Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis," p. 370. See the full analysis of psychoanalytic views on the reality of incest in Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 126-130.

21. Freud, Standard Edition, Vol. XXI, "Female Sexuality," p. 232.

22. Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. VII. "Three Essays," p. 276.

23. Michael I. Good, "The Reconstruction of Early Childhood Trauma: Fantasy, Reality, and Verification." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 42(1993): 81.

24. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, Ed., The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985, pp. 219, 222.

25. Good, "Reconstruction," p. 81.

26. Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood; deMause, "On Writing Childhood History." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 135-170; deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.

27. Ibid., pp. 130-164.

28. Masson, Ed. Letters, p. 269; Marianne Krüll, Freud and His Father. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986, p. 121.

29. Gabriel Falloppius, "De decoraturie trachtaties," cap. 9, Opera Omnia, Frankfurt, 1600, pp. 336-37.

30. DeMause, "The Evolution of Childhood" in The History of Childhood, pp. 43-49; Albert Moll, The Sexual Life of Children. New York, 1913, p. 219.

31. Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. III, p. 164.

32. Ibid., Vol. XXI, p. 232; Vol. VII, p. 180.

33. Ibid., Vol. XI, p. 181.

34. Giulia Sissa, Greek Virginity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.

35. Karen J. Taylor, "Venereal Disease In Nineteenth-Century Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 12(1985): 431-463.

36. Jeffrey Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Basic Books, 1954, pp. 14-27.

37. Marianne Krüll, Freud and His Father, p.98.

38. DeMause, "The Evolution of Childhood."aa p. 23.

39. Beatrice Webb, My Apprenticeship. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1926, p. 321; Anthony S. Wohl, "Sex and the Single Room: Incest Among the Victorian Working Classes, " in Anthony S. Wohl, Ed., The Victorian Family: Structure and Stresses. London: Croom Helm, 1978.

40. Anonymous, My Secret Life. Vol. I. New York: The Grove Press, 1966, pp. 74, 273; Maria Adelaide Lowndes, Child Assault in England. n.d. Reprinted in Sheila Jeffreys, The Sexuality Debates. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 271-279.

41. Jeffreys, The Sexuality Debates, p. 278.

42. Andrew Vachss, "Comment on 'The Universality of Incest.'" The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 219; Ellen Gray, Unequal Justice: The Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse. New York: Free Press, 1993.

43. Cathy Joseph, "Scarlet Wounding: Issues of Child Prostitution." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1995): 2-17.

44. Franz Seraphim Hügel, Zur Geschichte, Statistik und Regelung der Prostitution: Social-medicinische Studien zu ihrer praktischen Behandlung und Anwendung auf Wien und andere Grossstädte. Wien, 1965.

45. DeMause, The History of Childhood, pp. 40-41.

46. Walter Havernick, Schläge als Strafe. Hamburg, 1964.

47. Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children in Germany, 1860-1978." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980): 249-280; Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 391-422; Karen Taylor, "Blessing the House: Moral Motherhood and the Suppression of Physical Punishment." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 429-454.

48. DeMause, Ibid., p. 41; Ian Gibson, The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After. London: Duckworth, 1978.

49. Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. XIV, 180-189; Vol. XIX, p. 169.

50. Lloyd deMause, "Schreber and the History of Childhood." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 423-430; The History of Childhood, p. 37-38.

51. DeMause, The History of Childhood, p. 39; Friedrich von Zglinicki, Geschichte des Klistiers: Das Klistier in der Geschichte der Medizin, Kunst und Literatur. Frankfurt: Viola Press, n.d.; Marcia E. Herman-Giddens and Nacy L. Berson, "Enema Abuse in Childhood: Report From a Survey." Treating Abuse Today 4(1994): 45-49.

52. DeMause, The History of Childhood, pp. 12-13.

53. Masson, Ed. Letters, p. 40-41.

54. Krüll, Freud and His Father, p. 12.

55. Freud, Standard Edition. Vol. II, p. 133.

56. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 356; Vol. III, p. 167.

57. Krüll, Freud and His Father, p. 23.

58. Freud, Standard Edition, Vol. III, pp. 164-166.

59. Ibid., Vol. VII, p. 190.

60. Ibid., pp. 274-275.

61. Ibid., p. 30.

62. Ibid., p. 28.

63. Ibid., Vol. XIV, p. 17.

64. Karl Abraham, "The Experiencing of Sexual Traumas as a Form of Sexual Activity." In Selected Papers of Karl Abraham. London: Hogarth Press, 1948, p. 48.

65. Ibid., p. 54.

66. A few brave analysts held on to the reality of sexual seduction; see Sandor Ferenczi, "Confusion of Tongues Between the Adult and Child." Final Contributions to the Problems and Methods of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980, p. 162; Marie Bonaparte, Female Sexuality. New York: International Universities Press, 1953; Phyllis Greenacre, Trauma, Growth and Personality. New York: International Universities Press, 1950; Robert Fleiss, Symbol, Dream and Psychosis. New York: International Universities Press, 1973, p. 212. It was not until the 1988-1990 Workshop on the Analysis of Adults Who Were Sexually Abused as Children, held at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, that official psychoanalytic opinion began to change; see Howard B. Levine, Ed., Adult Analysis and Childhood Sexual Abuse. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1990 and Jody Messler Davies and Mary Gail Frawley, Treating the Adult Survivor of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Psychoanalytic Perspective. New York: BasicBooks, 1994.

67. Bernard C. Glueck, Jr., "Early Sexual Experiences in Schizophrenia," in Hugo G. Beigel, Ed., Advances in Sex Research. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, p. 253.

68. Alfred Kensey, Wardell Pomery and Clyde Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., p. 121.

69. Walter B. Pomeroy, "A New Look at Incest." Penthouse Forum, November, 1976, p. 10.

70. Allen Edwardes and R. E. L. Masters, The Cradle of Erotica. New York: The Julian Press, 1963, p. 22.

71. Schultz's keynote speech at the first national conference on the sexual abuse of children is cited in Sam Janus, The Death of Innocence: How Our Children Are Endangered by the New Sexual Freedom. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1981, p. 126.

72. See the list of books and journals particularly The Journal of the History of Sexuality and The Journal of Homosexuality cited in deMause, "The Universality of Incest," p. 131.

73. Gunter Schmidt, "Foreword: The Debate on Pedophilia." Journal of Homosexuality 25(1993): 4.

74. Joseph Nicolosi, NARTH Bulletin, April 1995, p. 1. DSM-IV requires that the pedophile behavior "cause clinically significant distress or impairment" to be within their diagnosis; see William H. Reid and Michael G. Wise, DSM-IV Training Guide. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1995, p. 236.

75. Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project: Is a Rapproachement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology at Hand?" Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45-1997): 807-840

76. Derek Bickerton, Language and Human Behavior. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.

77. B. Hopkins and G. Butterworth, "Concepts of Cuasality in Explanations of Development." In G. Butterworth and P. Bryant, Causes of Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbauma Assoc., 1990, p. 3.

78. Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992, p. 68.

79. Christof Koch, "Computation and the Single Neuron." Nature 385(1997): 207-210.

80. Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

81. Neal J. Cohen and Howard Eichenbaum, Memory, Amnesia, and the Hippocampal System. Cambrige, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994.

82. Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project." p. 829.

83. Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 202.

84. Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, p. 181.

85. J. Douglas Bremner, et al., "MRI-Based Measurement of Hippocampal Volume in Patients with Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995): 973-980; Katy Butler, "The Biology of Fear." Family Therapy Networker, July/August 1996, p. 42.

86. Daniel Goleman, "Early Violence Leaves Its Mark on the Brain." The New York Times October 3, 1995, p. C10; Daviel S. Pine, et al., "Platelet Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) Receptor Charactristics and Parenting Factors for Boys at Risk for Delinquency." American Journal of Psychiatry 153(1996): 538-544.

87. Jan Volavka, Neurobiology of Violence. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1995; P. T. Mehlman, et al., "Low CSF 5-HIAA Concentrations and Severe Agression and Impaired Impulse Control in Nonhuman Primates." American Journal of Psychiatry 151(1994):1483-1492; Herbert Hendin, Suicide in America: New and Expanded Edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995, p. 17; Ronald M. Winchel, "Self-Mutilation and Aloneness." Academy Forum. New York: American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1991, p. 10.

88. Harry Harlow, "The Young Monkeys." Psychology Today 1(1967): 40-47; Mary Coleman, "Environmental Effects on Serotonin in Children." Unpublished ms.

89. Rachel Yehuda, "Low Urinary Cortisol Excretion in Holocaust Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 152(1995): 982-986.

90. Sandra Blakeslee, "How the Brain Might Work: A New Theory of Consciousness." The New York Times, March 21, 1995, p. C1; Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Scribners, 1994.

91. Pierre Maquet et al., "Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep and Dreaming." Nature 383(1996): 163-6.

92. Bessel A. van der Kolk, "Trauma and Memory." in Bessel A. van der Kolk et al., Eds. Traumatic Stress: the Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society." New York: The Guilford Press, 1996, p. 294.

93. Bessel A. van der Kolk,, "The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress." Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1(1994): 253-265.

94. Bessel A. van der Kolk, Rita E. Fisler, "Childhood Abuse & Neglect and Loss of Self-Regulation." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 58(1994):234.

95. Michael Eigen, The Psychotic Core. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1986, p. 74.

96. Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Trauma Spectrum: The Interaction of Biological and Social Events in the Genesis of the Trauma Response." Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1988): 276.

97. Lenore Terr, Too Scared To Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood. New York: Harper & Row, 1990, p. 30.

98. Lisa Goodman and Jay Peters, "Persecutory Alters and Ego States: Protectors, Friends, and Allies." Dissociation 8(1995): 92.

99. Ibid, p. 93-4.

100. Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985, p. 142.

101. Fred Pine, Developmental Theory and Clinical Process. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985, p. 87.

102. Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, "Developmental Perspective on Psychic Trauma in Childhood." In Charles R. Figley, Ed. Trauma and Its Wake: The Study and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1985, p. 46.

103. Martin Gilbert, The Boys: The Untold Story of 732 Young Concentration Camp Survivors. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1996, p. 453.

104. Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma: Re-enactment, Revictimization, and Masochism." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12(1989): 389-411.

105. James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.

106. David Sandber, et al., "Sexual Abuse and Revictimization: Mastery, Dysfunctional Learning, and Dissociation." In Steven Jay Lynn and Judith W. Rhue, Eds., Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Guilford Press, 1994, p. 244.

107. Ibid.

108. Max M. Stern, Repetition and Trauma: Toward a Teleonomic Theory of Psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1988.

109. Bessel A. van der Kolk, "The Compulsion to Repeat the Trauma: Reenactment, Revictimization, and Masochism." pp. 389-411; A. W. Burgess et al., "Abused to Abuser: Antecedents of Socially Deviant Behavior." American Journal of Psychiatry 144(1984): 378-9.

110. Sue Taylor Parker, et al., Eds. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

111. Michael Eigen, The Psychotic Core. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1986, p. 29.

112. Arnold H. Modell, The Private Self. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

113. Lenore Terr, Too Scared To Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood. New York: Harper & Row, 1990; Bessel A. van der Kolk et al., Eds. Traumatic Stress: the Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society." New York: The Guilford Press, 1996; Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985.

114. James F. Masterson, The Search for the Real Self: Unmasking the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: The Free Press, 1988, p. 61.

115. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1988.

116. Ibid., p. 159.

117. Masterson, The Search for the Real Self, p. 10.

118. Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood." In Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, p. 1.

119. Mary E. Schwab-Stone, et al., "No Safe Haven: A Study of Violence Exposure in an Urban Community." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34(1995): 1343-1352.

120. Murray A. Strauss, Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families. New York: Lexington Books, 1994, pp. 20-29; Joanne Buntain-Ricklefs, et al, "Punishments: What Predicts Adult Approval." Child Abuse & Neglect 18(1994): 945-955.

121. Glenn D. Wolfner and Richard J. Gelles, "A Profile of Violence Toward Children: A National Study." Child Abuse & Neglect 17(1993):198.

122. The Observor Review (London), June 18, 1995, p. 2; Aurel Ende, "Battering and Neglect: Children In Germany, 1860-1978." The Journal of Psychohistory 7(1980): 249-280.

123. Jill E. Korbin, Ed. Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

124. See Chapter 8.

125. Adrienne A. Haeuser, "Swedish Parents Don't Spank." Internet paper http:www.wwtx.com/~rcox/haeuser.html

126. Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.

127. Ibid., p. 134.

128. Ibid., p. 140-142.

129. Ibid., p. 144.

130. Cathy Joseph, "Scarlet Wounding: Issues of Child Prostitution." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1995): 2-18; Cathy Joseph, "Compassionate Accountability: An Embodied Consideration of Female Genital Mutilation." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 2-18.

131. New York Daily News, June 17, 1992, p. 7.

132. Spencer Eth and Robert S. Pynoos, Eds., Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987.

133. Rudolph Binion ("Notes on Romanticism." The Journal of Psychohistory 11(1983): 62) has written that "Unconscious reliving [of trauma] is the truth to the old adage that history repeats itself," although it is mainly adult trauma, not childhood, that he sees as causal.

134. The Washington Post National Weekly, July 24-30, 1995, p. 8; WNBC-TV, "Rage and Betrayal," April 11, 1996; WABC News Special, April 11, 1996; The New York Times, December 31, 1995, p. 24; Brandon M. Stickney, "All-American Monster": The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1996; The New York Times, May 13, 1997, p. A14.

135. Danielle Hunt, head of the day care center, said on "Rivera Live," CNBC-TV, June 10, 1997, that she was "absolutely certain the visitor was McVeigh."

136. L. E. Hinsie and R. J. Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 45.

137. Kenneth Bowers and Donald Meichenbaum, The Unconscious Reconsidered, New York: Wiley, 1984; John F. Schumaker, The Corruption of Reality: A Unified Theory of Religion, Hypnosis, and Psychopathology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995.

138. For the various diagnostic criteria, see Richard P. Kluft, "Multiple Personality Disorder." In David Spiegel, et al., Dissociative Disorders: A Clinical Review. Lutherville, Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993, pp. 79-80.

139. Marlene Stienberg, "Systematizing Dissociation: Symptomatology and Diagnostic Assessment." In David Spiegel, Ed. Dissociation: Culture, Mind, and Body. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994, p. 60.

140. Richard P. Kluft, "Basic Principles in Conducting the Psychotherapy of Multiple Personality Disorder." In Ray Aldridge-Morris, Multiple Personality: An Exercise in Deception. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989, p. 45; Frank W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1989, p. 48.

141. Colin A. Ross, The Osiris Complex: Case-Studies in Multiple Personality Disorder. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994, p. vii.

142. Bennett G. Braun, Ed. Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1986; Frank W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press, 1989; David Spiegel, et al., Dissociative Disorders: A Clinical Review. Lutherville, Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993; Colin A. Ross, Multiple Personality Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989; Richard P. Kluft and Catherine G. Fine, Eds. Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality Disorder. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1993; Philip M. Coons, "Psychophysiologic Aspects of Multiple Personality Disorder: A Review." Dissociation 1(1988): 47-53; David A. Oakley and Lesley C. Eames, "The Plurality of Consciousness." In David A. Oakley, Ed., Brain and Mind. LLondon: Methuen, 1985, p.236.

143. Colin A. Ross, The Osiris Complex, p.22.

144. Richard P. Kluft, "Basic Principles in Conducting the Psychotherapy of Multiple Personality Disorder." In Richard P. Kluft and Catherine G. Fine, Eds. Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality Disorder, p. 39.

145. Lisa Goodman and Jay Peters, "Persecutory Alters and Ego States: Protectors, Friends, and Allies." Dissociation 8(1995): 91.

146. Ibid.

147. Theresa K. Albini and Terri E. Pease, "Normal and Pathological Dissociations of Early Childhood." Dissociation 2(1989): 144.

148. J. O. Beahrs, "Co-Consciousness: A Common Denominator in Hypnosis, Multiple Personality, and Normalcy." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 26(1983): 100.

149. John F. Schumaker, The Corruption of Reality: A Unified Theory of Religion, Hypnosis, and Psychopathology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, pp. 82-83, 163.

150. D. W. Winnicott, "The Use of an Object and Relating Through Identifications. International Journal of Psycho-analysis 48(f1967): 87.

151. D. W. Winnicott, The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.

152. Richard M. Restak, "Possible Neurophysiological Correlates of Empathy." In Joseph Lichtenberg et al., Eds. Empathy I. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1984, p. 70.

153. Siri Dulaney and Alan Page Fiske, "Cultural Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism?" Ethos 22(1994): 251-2.

154. Ellen J. Langer, Mindfulness. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1989, pp. 100-113.

155. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 188; Joe Berghold, "The Social Trance: Psychological Obstacles to Progress in History." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 221-243; Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation Between Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on the Command Power of Modern 'Charismatic' Political Leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318.

156. Catherine G. Fine, "The Cognitive Sequelae of Incest." In Richard F. Kluft, Ed. Incest-Related Syndromes of Adult Psychopathology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1990, pp. 169-171.

157. W. R. Bion, Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock, 1961; W. R. Bion, Learning From Experience. London: Heinemann, 1962; Richard D. Mann with Graham S. Gibbard and John J. Hartman, Interpersonal Styles and Group Development: An Analysis of the Member-Leader Relationship. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967; Graham S. Gibbard, John J. Hartman, Richard D. Mann, Eds. Analysis of Groups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1974; Didier Anzieu, The Group and the Unconscious. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984; Howard Stein, "Organizational Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 97-114; C. Fred Alford, Group Psychology and Political Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

158. Margaret Thaler Singer, Cults in our Midst: The Hidden Menace in Our Everyday Lives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995, p. 5.

159. Lloyd deMause, "Why Cults Terrorize and Kill Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 505-518.

160. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 192.

161. Ben Rippa, "Of Sealed Rooms and Secrets: Groups in Israel During the Gulf War." In Mark F. Ettin et al., Eds. Group Process and Political Dynamics. Madison: Conn.: International University Press, 1995, p. 33.

162. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

163. Ibid., 152.

164. Arthur G. Miller, The Obedience Experiments: A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York: Praeger Scientific, 1986.

165. Ibid., p. 76.

166. Ibid., p. 78-79, 148.

167. Ibid., p. 60.

168. Irving I. Janus, Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, p. 70. 169 Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row, 1974, p. 143.

170. Milgram himself only tried some crude personality tests; see A. C. Elms and Stanley Milgram, "Personality Characteristics Associated With Obedience and Defiance Toward Authoritative Command." Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 1(1966): 282-89.

171. On the origin of personal and social violence in shame, see James Gilligan, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.

172. Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Times Books, 1995, p. 149.

173. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press, 1963, p. 289. For a discussion of this and other psychological aspects of warfare see Rudolph Binion, "Ketzerisches zur Kriegsfrage," in "So ist der Mensch..." 80 Jahre Erster Weltkrieg. Vienna: Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien, 1994, pp. 117-124.

174. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1995, p. 3.

175. Ibid., p. 88.

176. Ibid., p. 13.

177. Ibid., pp. 99-113.

178. Josephine Hilgard, Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of Imaginative Involvement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970; Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation Between Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on the Command Power of modern 'Charismatic' Political Leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318.

179. Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238-250.

180. Samuel P. Oliner and Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: The Free Press, 1988.

181. See Frank W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder, p. 55 for bibliography of studies on incidence.

182. Ibid., pp. 47-49.

183. John E. Mack, Abduction: Human Encounters With Aliens. New York: Scribner's, 1994; Frank W. Putnam, "Dissociative Phenomena." In David Spiegel, Ed. Dissociative Disorders: A Clinical Review. Lutherville, Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993, pp. 2-4.

184. The New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. A15.

185. Gail Sheehy, "The Inner Quest of Newt Gingrich," Vanity Fair, pp. 149-151.

186. The empirical support for this general proposition is described in Michael A. Milburn and S. D. Conrad, "The Politics of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 238-251.

187. Newsweek, April 29, 1996, p. 32.

188. Ellen L. Bassuk, Angela Browne and John Buckner, "Single Mothers and Welfare." Scientific American October 1996, p. 67; Mike A. Males, The Scapegoat Generation: America'sWar on Adolescents. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1996, p. 78.

189. Mike Males, "In Defense of Teenage Mothers," The Progressive, August 1994, p. 22.

190. The New York Times, April 17, 1995, p. A1.

191. New York Post, March 25, 1995, p. 4.

192. The New York Times, September 12, 1995, p. A20.

193. CNBC-TV, September 14, 1995.

194. C-SPAN, September 1, 1995.

195. Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America. New York: Creative Roots, 1984, p. 44.

196. Margaret Power, The Egalitarians Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 91.

197. Mitchell Moss, "Newt to Poor: Let Them Eat Laptops." New York Newsday, January 29, 1995, p. A30.

198. The New York Times, May 14, 1995, p. 22.

199. Ibid.

200. Prime Time, May 17, 1995.

201. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books, 1986, pp. 417-500.

202. Morris Berman, Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the Hidden History of the West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989, p. 289.

203. Quoted by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, p. 219.

204. Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 101.

205. David Beisel, "Looking for Enemies, 1990-1994." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1994): 1-38.

206. Michele Stephen, A'aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 83; the tribe is the Mekeo of New Guinea, and the fallen stick in the cowrie shell an obvious symbol of impotence.

207. Gilbert Herdt, "Spirit Familiars in the Religious Imagination of Sambia Shamans." In Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen, Eds., The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989, pp. 99-121.

208. Erika Bourguignon, "Dreams and Altered States of Consciousness in Anthropological Research, " in F. K. L Hsu, Ed., Psychological Anthropology (Second Edition). Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press, 1972, p. 418.

209. Robert Katz, "Education for Transcendence: !Kia-Healing with the Kalahari !Kung." In Richard B. Lee and I. DeVore, Eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976, p. 76.

210. Jane Fajans, "The Person in Social Context" In Geoffrey M. White and John Korkpatrick, Eds. Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 380.

211. Erika Bourguignon, "Dreams and Altered States of Consciousness in Anthropological Research;" Eugene G. d'Aquili et al., The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979; Ronald C. Simnons et al., "The Psychobiology of Trance," Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review (1988): 249-288; Ede Frecska and Zsuzsanna Kulcsar, "Social Bonding in the Modulation of the Physiology of Ritual Trance," Ethos 17(1989): 70-94.

212. Peter Brown, The Hypnotic Brain: Hypnotherapy and Social Communication. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, pp. 115-118.

213. Quoted by Morris Berman, Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the Hidden History of the West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989, p. 286.

214. Josephine Hilgard, Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of Imaginative Involvement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970; see also Jerrold Atlas, "Understanding the Correlation Between Childhood Punishment and Adult Hypnotizability as It Impacts on the Command Power of Modern 'Charismatic' Political Leaders." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1990): 309-318 and Joe Berghold, "The Social Trance: Psychological Obstacles to Progress in History." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 221-243.

215. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 194-217.

216. Casper Schmidt, "The Abnormally Popular George Bush." The Journal of Psychohistory 18(1990): 123-134; Howard Stein, "Organizational Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 97-114; David Beisel, "Thoughts Concerning Some Objections to Group-Fantasy Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory 9(1982): 237-240; Paul H. Elovitz et al., "On Doing Fantasy Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985): 207-228.

217. C. Fisher, "Subliminal (Preconscious) Perception: The Microgenesis of Unconscious Fantasy." In H. Blum et al., Eds. Fantasy, Myth and REality. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1988, pp. 93-108.

218. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory; Reagan's America; "'Heads and Tails': Money As a Poison Container." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 1-18; "America's Search for a Fighting Leader." The Journal of Psychohistory 20(1992): 121-134.

219. Margaret Power, The Egalitarians-Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 134.

220. For trance induction techniques, see Milton Erickson, The Nature of Hypnosis and Suggestion. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1980; Milton Erickson and Ernest Rossi, Hypnotherapy: An Exploratory Casebook. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1987 and Stephen Lankton and Carol Lankton, The Answer Within: A Clinical Framework of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1983.

221. Jack Germond and Jules Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over: Presidential Politics of 1984. New York: Macxmillan Publishing, 1985, p. 430.

222. William S. Condon, "Neonatal entrainment and enculturation." In Margaret Bullowa, Ed., Before Speech: The Beginnings of Interpersonal Communication. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp. 131-169.

223. Paul H. Elovitz, Henry Lawton and George Luhrmann, "On Doing Fantasy Analysis." The Journal of Psychohistory 13(1985): 205-232; Casper Schmidt, "The Abnormally Popular George Bush." The Journal of Psychohistory 18(1990): 123-134; Howard Stein, "Organizational Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 97-114; Jerrold Atlas, Was in Deitschland Passieren Wird...das Unbewusste der Deutschen. Dusseldorf: ECON, 1992. For the technique of fantasy analysis of film, see Lloyd deMause, "How to Do a Fantasy Analysis of a Movie." The Journal of Psychohistory 20(1992): 31-32.

224. Didier Anzieu, The Group and the Unconscious. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984, p. 160-161.

225. Graham S. Gibbard and John J. Hartman, "The Significance of Utopian Fantasies in Small Groups." The International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 23(1973): 125-147.

226. James F. Masterson, The Search for the Real Self: Unmasking the Personality Disorders of Our Age. New York: The Free Press, 1988, p. 55.

227. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember, "Issues in Cross-Cultural Studies of Interpersonal Violence." In R. Barry Rubach and Neil Alan Weiner, Eds. Interpersonal Violent Behaviors: Social and Cultural Aspects. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1995, pp. 32-33.

228. Ibid., p. 62.

229. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1988.

230. Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1997, pp. 74-75.

231. Stanley Rosenman, "Japanese Antisemitism: Conjuring Up Conspiratorial Jews." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1997): 1-40.

232. Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed. Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

233. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993, pp. 22 and 54.

234. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Binim-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Ed. Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 194.

235. J. H. M. Beattie, "On Understanding Sacrifice." In M. F. C. Bourdillon and Meyer Fortes, Sacrifice. New York: Academic Press, 1980, p. 42.

236. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p. 388.

237. Michael C. C. Adams, The Great Adventure: Male Desire and the Coming of World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990, p. 51.

238. Lloyd deMause, "'Heads and Tails': Money As a Poison Container." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1988): 1-18.

239. Casper G. Schmidt, "The Use of the Gallup Poll as a Psychohistorical Tool." Journal of Psychohistory 10(1982): 141-162.

240. Theodore H. Gaster, Thespis: Ritual, Myth and Drama in the Ancient Near East. New York: Henry Schuman, 1950, pp. 4-10.

241. James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: The Dying God. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1911.

242. Susan Dunn, The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 15.

243. Sam Janus et al., A Sexual Profile of Men in Power. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1977, pp. 101 and 170.

244. Max Montgelas and Walter Schücking, Eds. Outbreak of the World War: German Documents Collected by Karl Kautsky. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924, pp. 250ff.

245. Rudolph Binion, Hitler Among the Germans. New York: Elsevier, 1976.

246. Michele Stephen, "Contrasting Images of Power." In Michele Stephen, Ed., Sorcerer and Witch in Melanesia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987, p. 280.

247. Eli Sagan, At the Dawn of Tyranny: The Origins of Individualism, Political Oppression, and the State. Santa Fe: FishDrum Magazine Press, 1993, p. 122.

248. Bradd Shore, "Mana and Tapu." In Allan Howard and Robert Borofsky, Ed. Developments in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, p. 142.

249. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory and Reagan's America; Casper Schmidt, "The Use of the Gallup Poll as a Psychohistorical Tool." The Journal of Psychohistory 10(1982): 141-162; Casper Schmidt, "A Differential Poison Index from the Gallup Poll." The Journal of Psychohistory 10(1983): 523-532; Daniel Dervin, Enactments: American Modes and Psychohistorical Models. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996; Lloyd deMause, "Shooting at Clinton, Prosecuting O.J., and Other Sacrificial Rituals." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 378-393. These have all been done for American leadership phases, and have yet to be tested for the group-fantasies of other nations and groups.

250. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 245-332.

251. Ibid., pp. 153-155.

252. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 154-158.

253. Lloyd deMause, "American Purity Crusades." The Journal of Psychohistory 14(1987): 345-348.

254. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, pp. 86-88.

255. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1988, p. 17.

256. Charles B. Strozier, Apocalypse: On the Psychology of Fundamentalism in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.

257. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory, p. 160.

258. William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, p. 300.

259. William K. Joseph, "Prediction, Psychology and Economics." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 101-112; William K. Joseph, "Will Peace Panic the Market?" The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): 405-409. See also Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America.

260. Business Week, July 1, 1996, p. 22.

261. David G. Myers and Ed Diener, "The Pursuit of Happiness." Scientific American, May 1996, p. 70.

262. Lloyd deMause, Reagan's America, pp. 56-57.

263. Ptolemy Tompkins, This Tree Grows Out of Hell: Mesoamerica and the Search for the Magical Body. San Francisco: HaperSanFrancisco, 1990, p. 120.