Cronologia della Genetica (Jo Ann Lane)

Year	Scientist(s)	Discovery
1858	Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace	Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection-that members of a population who are better adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits.
1859	Charles Darwin	Published The Origin of Species.
1866	Gregor Mendel	Published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of "factors" in pea plants.
1900	Carl Correns Hugo de Vries Erich von Tschermak	Mendel's principles were independently discovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern genetics.
1902	Walter Sutton	Pointed out the interrelationships between cytology and Mendelism, closing the gap between cell morphology and heredity.
1905	Nettie Stevens Edmund Wilson	Independently described the behavior of sex chromosomes-XX determines female; XY determines male.
1908	Archibald Garrod	Proposed that some human diseases are due to "inborn errors of metabolism" that result from the lack of a specific enzyme.
1910	Thomas Hunt Morgan	Proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila, white eye. This was followed by the gene theory, including the principle of linkage.
1927	Hermann J. Muller	Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928	Fred Griffith	Proposed that some unknown "principle" had transformed the harmless R strain of Diplococcus to the virulent S strain.
1931	Harriet B. Creighton Barbara McClintock	Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in maize.
1941	George Beadle Edward Tatum	Irradiated the red bread mold, Neurospora, and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes.
1944	Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty	Reported that they had purified the transforming principle in Griffith's experiment and that it was DNA.
1945	Max Delbruck	Organized a phage course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory which was taught for 26 consecutive years. This course was the training ground of the first two generations of molecular biologists
late 1940s	Barbara McClintock	Developed the hypothesis of transposable elements to explain color variations in corn.
1950	Erwin Chargaff	Discovered a one-to-one ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms.
1951	Rosalind Franklin	Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA.
1952	Martha Chase Alfred Hershey	Used phages in which the protein was labeled with 35S and the DNA with 32P for the final proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity.
1953	Francis Crick James Watson	Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule.
1958	Matthew Meselson Frank Stahl	Used isotopes of nitrogen to prove the semiconservative replication of DNA.
1958	Arthur Kornberg	Purified DNA polymerase I from E. coli, the first enzyme that made DNA in a test tube.
1966	Marshall Nirenberg H. Gobind Khorana	Led teams that cracked the genetic code- that triplet mRNA codons specify each of the twenty amino acids.
1970	Hamilton Smith Kent Wilcox	Isolated the first restriction enzyme, HindII, that could cut DNA molecules within specific recognition sites.
1972	Paul Berg Herb Boyer	Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules.
1973	Joseph Sambrook	Led the team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory that refined DNA electrophoresis by using agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide.
1973	Annie Chang Stanley Cohen	Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli.
1975		International meeting at Asilomar, California urged the adoption of guidelines regulating recombinant DNA experimentation.
1977	Fred Sanger	Developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA.
1977		The first genetic engineering company (Genentech) is founded, using recombinant DNA methods to make medically important drugs.
1978		Somatostatin became the first human hormone produced using recombinant DNA technology.
1981		Three independent research teams announced the discovery of human oncogenes (cancer genes).
1983	James Gusella	Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler and her co-workers to demonstrate that the Huntington's disease gene is on chromosome 4.
1985	Kary B. Mullis	Published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the most sensitive assay for DNA yet devised.
1988		The Human Genome Project began with the goal of determining the entire sequence of DNA composing human chromosomes.
1989	Alec Jeffreys	Coined the term DNA fingerprinting and was the first to use DNA polymorphisms in paternity, immigration, and murder cases.
1989	Francis Collins Lap-Chee Tsui	Identified the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) on chromosome 7 that, when mutant, causes cystic fibrosis.
1990		First gene replacement therapy-T cells of a four-year old girl were exposed outside of her body to retroviruses containing an RNA copy of a normal ADA gene. This allowed her immune system to begin functioning.
1993		FlavrSavr tomatoes, genetically engineered for longer shelf life, were marketed.