Selected Moments of the 20th Century

A work in progress edited by Daniel Schugurensky /
Department of Adult Education and Counselling Psychology,
The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT)
00s 

This is a site about education during the 20th century, organized by decades. It includes a short description of a variety of 'educational episodes' that took place in that period. The episode in question could be a policy, a court case, a piece of legislation, a scholarly article, a new theory, a research report, an incident, the release of a book, a speech, an empirical finding, a conference, the opening or a closure of an institution, a movie, an anecdote, or anything, big or small, that tells us something about education theory, policy, politics, research and practice during the last century. Arguably, some of these episodes have probably been more historically significant or influential than others, and some may be more well-known than others, but each of them uncovers a piece of that immense puzzle that was 20th century education. Education is here understood in its broad sense, and not only as schooling. Although its current emphasis is on North American educational developments, there is an ongoing effort to include more international content.

Most entries have been written especially for this site (many of them by education students), although some consist of links to other webpages. New entries are added regularly. If you would like to submit an entry, make a comment to improve this site, or suggest a link to a webpage to be added to this compilation, please send it to: mailto:dschugurensky@oise.utoronto.ca

1900-1909

  Some significant events in this period
1900 Henry Barnard, advocate of common schools, dies in poverty at age 89
1900 John Ruskin, a pioneer in art education, dies in England at age 81
1901 Margaret Haley becomes the first woman and first teacher to speak at the NEA
1901 Anarchist teacher Francisco Ferrer opens Modern School in Barcelona
1901 Rabindranath Tagore starts school combining Western and Indian philosophies
1901 Joliet Junior, the First Independent Public Junior College
1901 Francis W. Parker progressive school opens  
1901 Henry Dunant, a school dropout, is awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize
1902 Émile Durkheim gives opening lecture on "Pédagogie et sociologie" in the course "L'Education morale"
1903 W.E.B. Du Bois criticizes Booker T. Washington
1903 Mother Jones leads demonstration, says working children belong in schools
1903 Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre opens in the UK
1904 Margaret Haley calls for teachers to organize
1904 Mary McLeod Bethune opens the Daytona Literary and Industrial School
1904 First cohort of high school students graduate from Felix Adler's Ethical Culture School
1904  Pavlov receives Nobel Prize for discovery of conditioned reflexes
1904 Helen Keller becomes the first blind-deaf person to graduate from college  
1904 Dewey leaves the Chicago Laboratory school and goes to Columbia University
1905 Upton Sinclair starts the Intercollegiate Socialist Society
1905 After over twenty years of existence, the 'Flying University' of Poland is legalized
1905 Tsarist government closes universities in Russia
1905 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon develop test to determine mental age of children
1907 Maria Montessori opens the first Casa dei Bambini (Children's house)
1907 Marietta Johnson launches the School of Organic Education In Fairhope, Alabama
1907 The "Wisconsin Idea" brings the university to the community
1907 Olive Decroly opens the Ecole de l'Ermitage
1907 Working People's College in the USA
1908 Berea College v. Commonwealth of Kentucky
1908 Robert Baden-Powell starts world scouting movement
1909 Ella Flagg Young, first female superintendent of a major city school system
1909 Dewey publishes How We Think
1909 Oxford and Working-Class Education: A report on the university-'workpeople' relationship
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1910-1919

Some significant events in this period
1910s The Institutionalization of Industrial Education in Black Rural Schools
1910s Lewis Terman and The Measurement of Intelligence
1910 Adelaide Hoodless, founder of the Women's Institute and one of Canada's most creative social reformers, dies at age 53
1910 Justo Sierra opens the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)
1910 Emma Goldman and others found the Ferrer Modern School in New York
1911 Norman Bethune becomes a teacher-labourer at Frontier College 
1912 Janusz Korczak begins innovative educational programs in Polish  orphanage
1912 Norman Bethune goes to Frontier College as a literacy teacher and a lumberjack
1912 In Education: A First Book, Edward Thorndike extends his theory of animal intelligence to human learning
1912 Louis W. Stern develops the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient)
1913 Vygotsky loses bet with sister when admitted to Moscow university  
1913 In Educational Psychology, Edward Thorndike disagrees with Rousseau and his child-centered followers
1914 Margaret Naumburg promotes art therapy in Walden School  
1915 Nadezhda Krupskaia writes Public Education and Democracy
1915 Scott Nearing is dismissed by the University of Pennsylvania: a test of academic freedom
1915 Rules for Female Teachers
1916 John Dewey publishes Democracy and Education
1918 Students ignite democratic university reform in Cordoba, Argentina
1918 Mary Parker Follett publishes The new state: Group organization the solution of popular government
1919 The Progressive Education Association is founded
1919 The Winnetka Plan
1919 Dalton School Opens
1919 Rudolph Steiner talks to prospective parents of the first Waldorf School
1919 New immigrants learn that "the good citizen loves God, loves the Empire, ... and is every inch of a man” 
1919 John Dewey begins a three-year work period in China
1919 British report says that adult education should be universal, lifelong and citizenship-building
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1920-1929

Some significant events in this period
1920s Education in the 1920s
1920 Alfred Fitzpatrick, founder of Frontier College, publishes The University in Overalls
1921 The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers opens its doors
1921 Jimmy Tompkins publishes Knowledge for the People
1921 Albert Einstein, high school dropout, receives Nobel Prize
1921 International People's College opens in Denmark
1921 A.S. Neill creates Summerhill, a self-governed school
1921  The Deans of Girls in Chicago High Schools publish Manners and conduct in schools and out
1922 Walter Lippmann and John Dewey debate the role of citizens in democracy
1922 Upton Sinclair publishes The Goose-Step, a critical analysis of the relationship between universities and business
1923  Gentile begins Italian educational reform, a cornerstone of Mussolini's regime
1924 In a pioneering effort, radio station KYW in collaboration with the YMCA broadcasts health education program
1925 Scopes' Monkey Trial
1924 Freinet promotes student newspapers as learning tools
1925 Pierce v. Society of Sisters
1926 Eduard Lindeman publishes The Meaning of Adult Education
1926 Antonio Gramsci founds the Ustica Prison School, where he teaches and studies
1928 University extension for social change: The Antigonish Movement
1928 Founding of Freinet's Public Educator's Co-operative
1928 E. Thorndike responds to W. James: Adults over 25 can learn!
1929 National University of Mexico is granted institutional autonomy
1929 Wooden and Mort publish 'Supervised Correspondence Study for High School Pupils', one of the first studies on distance education
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1930-1939

Some significant events in this period
1930s Brazil's New Government and the Politics of Education
1930 Eleanor Roosevelt publishes Good Citizenship: The Purpose of Education
1930 Dewey criticizes the practices of progressive educators
1930 The Eight Year Study Begins
1930 First graduate program in adult education opens at Teachers College, Columbia University
1931 Jane Addams, founder of the Hull-House, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
1931 Lemon Grove Incident
1932 Myles Horton creates the Highlander Research and Education Center
1932  George Counts publishes Dare the School Build a New Social Order?
1933 Ruth Kotinsky publishes Adult Education and The Social Scene
1933 In 'The Mis-education of the Negro', Carter Woodson outlines the basis for Afrocentric education
1933 National Survey of the Education of Teachers
1934 Mexican constitution proclaims socialist education  
1934 Arnold Gessel publishes the Atlas of Infant Behavior
1935 Dewey advocates cooperative intelligence and a socialized economy in Liberalism and Social Action
1935 Irene Parlby, one of the "famous five," first woman to be granted an honorary degree from the University of Alberta  
1935 Anton Makarenko publishes Pedagogicheskaya Poema (translated in English as The Road to Life, an Epic of Education)
1936 Jean Piaget publishes La naissance de l'intelligence chez l'enfant
1936  Maria Montessori publishes The Secret of Childhood
1938 Textbooks, business pressures, and censorship: Harold Rugg and the Robey investigation
1938 B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis
1938 Archambault Report proposes that prisons focus on rehabilitation, not punishment
1938 Lloyd Gaines v. Canada, a step toward desegregation in education
1939 Moses Coady publishes Masters of Their Own Destiny
1939 Goodbye Mr. Chips is released  
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1940-1949

Some significant events in this period
1940 Bertrand Russell unwelcome to teach in New York
1940 Sidney Mitchell publishes 'Supervised Correspondence Study'
1940 Historian Marc Bloch declines academic appointments abroad and joins the French resistance against Nazi occupation
1941 The rural teacher as housekeeper
1942 Anne Frank leaves school, goes into hiding and starts writing her diary  
1943 Jehovah's Witnesses not obliged to salute the flag (West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette)
1943 The Canadian Association for Adult Education (CAAE) releases Manifesto
1944 GI Bill of Rights
1944 British Education Act reshapes the educational system of England and Wales
1944 Gunnar Myrdal publishes An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
1945 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural (UNESCO) formally established by 37 countries
1945 The Harvard Report
1946 The T-Group brings a participatory approach to workplace training  
1946  Emmi Pickler opens Loczy Institute for Orphans in Budapest
1947 Gandhi passes the 'Seven Blunders That Lead to Violence' to his grandson
1948 B.F. Skinner publishes Walden Two
1948 Education proclaimed a human right in Article 26 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1949 The first world conference on adult education is held in Elsinore
1949 Educational Revolution Begins in China
1949 Ralph W. Tyler publishes Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction

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