The
Scientific Study of Groups:
A Timeline of the period from 1890 to 1960
Donelson R. Forsyth, University of Richmond
Aristotle (in the Nichomachean Ethics), Machievelli (Prince), and
Shakespeare all commented, insightfully, on the nature of groups.
It was not, however, until the 20th century that researchers began
studying groups scientifically. The following timeline stretches
from 1890 to 1960.
1890: James puts forward several theories that explain various
social psychological processes that are relevant to groups, including
social identity.
1895: LeBon publishes Le Psychologie des Foules
1897: Durkheim discusses the impact of groups on social behavior,
particulary primary groups. He publishes his classic work Suicide,
which explains how an individualistic action can be explained through
reference to social forces.
1897: Triplett publishes the first laboratory study of a social
psychological phemononon
1907: Cooley publishes work dealing with social organization, structure
1908: The first two social psychology textbooks are published; both
are titled Social Psychology.
1918: Thomas and Znaniecki publish their classic Polish peasant
in Europe and America
1920s: Elton Mayo and his colleagues study productivity in the Hawthorne
plant; they discover that group processes dramatically influence
production.
1924: Durkheim and Allport debate the reality of social products,
including groups.
1928: Thurstone publishes a precedent-setting paper entitled "Attitudes
can be measured."
1934: Moreno presents sociometry
1936: Sherif demonstrates that a purely social phenomonon--a social
norm--could be created in a laboratory.
1937: Lewin, Lippitt, and White study group members' reactions to
leaders who adopt autocratic, demoncratic, or laissez faire styles
of leadership.
1939: A group of researchers at Yale University publish data suggesting
aggression is caused by frustration (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer,
& Sears, 1939).
1943: Whyte uses participant observation to study urban street-corner
gangs.
1943: Newcomb examines the impact of social pressure on attitudes
among students at Bennington College.
1946: Bales begins work on IPA
1953: A group of researchers at Yale publish the results of a programatic
study of attitude change (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953).
1954: Publication of Allport's timeless analysis of prejudice and
stereotyping. Also, the first "modern" edition of the
Handbook of Social Psychology is published.
1957: Festinger initiates two decades of research on attitude change
with the publication of his book A theory of cognitive dissonance.
1958: Heider presents a theory of "commonsense psychology"
that provides the basis for all attribution theory and research.
1959: Thibaut and Kelley publish a general theory of social enchange
and interpersonal relations.
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