One way to change the pace in your classroom is to do a small group activity. But what type of
small group should you use? It depends on the size of your class, the length of time you have
available, the physical features of the classroom, and the nature of the group task. Here are
several options you could try. Consult the TRACE Tips Sheet "Group Work in the Classroom:
Small-Group Tasks" for task ideas.

Buzz Groups
Class size: any / Time frame: 3-10 minutes / Setting: no limitations
Purpose: generate ideas/answers, re-stimulate student interest, gauge student understanding

Description: These groups involve students engaging in short, informal discussions, often in
response to a particular sentence starter or question. At a transitional moment in the class, have
students turn to 1-3 neighbours to discuss any difficulties in understanding, answer a prepared
question, define or give examples of key concepts, or speculate on what will happen next in the
class. The best discussions are those in which students make judgments regarding the relative
merits, relevance, or usefulness of an aspect of the lecture (Brookfield & Preskill, 1999). Sample questions include, "What's the most contentious statement you've heard so far in the lecture today?" or "What's the most unsupported assertion you've heard in the lecture today?"
Reconvene as a class and have a general discussion in which students share ideas or questions
that arose within their subgroups.

Comments: This method is very most flexible: it is easy to implement in any size of class and in most classrooms, even the most formally arranged lecture hall. Consider how to regain the
attention of a large group: turning the lights off and on is one simple yet effective method.

Think-Pair-Share
Class size: any / Time frame: 5-10 minutes / Setting: no limitations
Purpose: generate ideas, increase students' confidence in their answers, encourage broad participation in plenary session

Description: This strategy has three steps. First, students think individually about a particular
question or scenario. Then they pair up to discuss and compare their ideas. Finally, they are given the chance to share their ideas in a large class discussion.

Comments: Think-pair-sharing forces all students to attempt an initial response to the question,
which they can then clarify and expand as they collaborate. It also gives them a chance to validate their ideas in a small group before mentioning them to the large group, which may help shy students feel more confident participating.

Circle of Voices
Class size: any / Time frame: 10-20 minutes / Setting: moveable chairs preferable
Purpose: generate ideas, develop listening skills, have all students participate, equalize
learning environment

Description: This method involves students taking turns to speak. Students form circles of four
or five. Give students a topic, and allow them a few minutes to organize their thoughts about it.
Then the discussion begins, with each student having up to three minutes (or choose a different
length) of uninterrupted time to speak. During this time, no one else is allowed to say anything.
After everyone has spoken once, open the floor within the subgroup for general discussion.
Specify that students should only build on what someone else has said, not on their own ideas;
also, at this point, they should not introduce new ideas (Brookfield & Preskill, 1999).

Comments: Some shy students might feel uncomfortable having to speak. Lessen their fear by
making the topic specific and relevant or by giving each person a relevant quote to speak about.
A variation to this method, which encourages students to listen more carefully to each other,
involves requiring each person to begin by paraphrasing the comments of the previous student or by showing how his or her remarks relate to those of the previous student. For this variation,
students will need less preparation time before the "circle" begins, but they may need more time
between speakers.

Rotating Trios
Class size: 15-30 / Time frame: 10 or more minutes / Setting: a fair bit of space, moveable seating helpful (they could stand)
Purpose: introduce students to many of their peers, generate ideas

Description: This strategy involves students discussing issues with many of their fellow classmates in turn. Beforehand, prepare discussion questions. In class, students form trios, with the groups arranged in a large circle or square formation. Give the students a question and suggest that each person take a turn answering. After a suitable time period, ask the trios to assign a 0, 1, or 2 to each of its members. Then direct the #1s to rotate one trio clockwise, the #2s to rotate two trios clockwise, and the #0s to remain in the same place; the result will be completely new trios. Now introduce a new, slightly more difficult question. Rotate trios and introduce new questions as many times as you would like (Silberman, 1996).

Comments: This type of group can be arranged with pairs or foursomes and works well with most subject matter, including computational questions. It would be difficult to implement in a large class, however.

Snowball Groups/Pyramids
Class size: 12-50 / Time frame: 15-20 minutes, depending on how many times the groups "snowball" / Setting: moveable seating required
Purpose: generate well-vetted ideas, narrow a topic, develop decision-making skills

Description: This method involves progressive doubling: students first work alone, then in pairs, then in fours, and so on. In most cases, after working in fours, students come together for a plenary session in which their conclusions or solutions are pooled. Provide a sequence of
increasingly complex tasks so that students do not become bored with repeated discussion at
multiple stages. For example, have students record a few questions that relate to the class topic.
In pairs, students try to answer one another's questions. Pairs join together to make fours and
identify, depending on the topic, either unanswered questions or areas of controversy or relevant principles based on their previous discussions. Back in the large class group, one representative from each group reports the group's conclusions (Habeshaw et al, 1984; Jaques, 2000).

Comments: This method takes time to unfold, so should be used only when the concepts under
discussion warrant the time. Also, depending on the amount of time allotted, students may feel
that certain nuances of their discussions are lost.

Jigsaw
Class size: 10-50 / Time frame: 20 or more minutes / Setting: moveable seating required, a lot of space preferable
Purpose: learn concepts in-depth, develop teamwork, have students teaching students

Description: This strategy involves students becoming "experts" on one aspect of a topic, then
sharing their expertise with others. Divide a topic into a few constitutive parts ("puzzle pieces").
Form subgroups of 3-5 and assign each subgroup a different "piece" of the topic (or, if the class
is large, assign two or more subgroups to each subtopic). Each group's task is to develop
expertise on its particular subtopic by brainstorming, developing ideas, and if time permits,
researching. Once students have become experts on a particular subtopic, shuffle the groups so
that the members of each new group have a different area of expertise. Students then take turns
sharing their expertise with the other group members, thereby creating a completed "puzzle" of
knowledge about the main topic (see Silberman, 1996). A convenient way to assign different
areas of expertise is to distribute handouts of different colours. For the first stage of the group
work, groups are composed of students with the same colour of handout; for the second stage,
each member of the newly formed groups must have a different colour of handout.

Comments: The jigsaw helps to avoid tiresome plenary sessions, because most of the information is shared in small groups. This method can be expanded by having students develop expertise about their subtopics first through independent research outside of class. Then, when they meet with those who have the same subtopic, they can clarify and expand on their expertise before moving to a new group. One potential drawback is that students hear only one group's expertise on a particular topic and don't benefit as much from the insight of the whole class; to address this issue, you could collect a written record of each group's work and create a master document--a truly complete puzzle--on the topic.

Fishbowl
Class size: 10-50 / Time frame: 15 or more minutes / Setting: moveable seating and a lot of space preferable; if necessary, have inner group stand/sit at front of lecture hall and the outer group sit in regular lecture hall seats
Purpose: observe group interaction, provide real illustrations for concepts, provide opportunity for analysis

Description: This method involves one group observing another group. The first group forms a
circle and either discusses an issue or topic, does a role play, or performs a brief drama. The
second group forms a circle around the inner group. Depending on the inner group's task and the
context of your course, the outer group can look for themes, patterns, soundness of argument,
etc., in the inner group's discussion, analyze the inner group's functioning as a group, or simply
watch and comment on the role play. Debrief with both groups at the end in a plenary to capture
their experiences. See Jaques (2000) for several variations on this technique.

Comments: Be aware that the outer group members can become bored if their task is not
challenging enough. You could have groups switch places and roles to help with this. Also note
that the inner group could feel inhibited by the observers; mitigate this concern by asking for
volunteers to participate in the inner circle or by specifying that each student will have a chance
to be both inner and outer group members. Although this method is easiest to implement in small
classes, you could also expand it so that multiple "fishbowls" are occurring at once.

Learning Teams
Class size: any / Time frame: any / Setting: no limitations
Purpose: foster relationships among students, increase confidence in participating

Description: For this type of group, students are divided into groups at the beginning of the term.
When you want to incorporate small group discussion or teamwork into your class, you direct the students to get into these term-long learning groups. Groups of four work well, because each
foursome can be subdivided into pairs, depending on the activity.

Comments: Students get to know a small number of their classmates well over the course of the
term, and may come to see their team mates as study partners even outside the classroom. Using
learning teams eliminates the time it takes to organize students into groups each time you wish to
use group work. However, because students will be working with each other over an extended
time period, be very careful about how you assign them to groups. Have students submit data
cards about themselves at the beginning of term, possibly even completing a short personality
inventory. You might want to ask them also to suggest the names of two or three classmates with
whom they would and would not like to work.

References:

Brookfield, S.D., & Preskill, S. (1999). Discussion as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for Democratic Classrooms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Habeshaw, S., Habeshaw, T., & Gibbs, G. (1984). 53 Interesting Things to Do in Your Seminars &Tutorials. Bristol: Technical and Educational Services Ltd.
Jaques, D. (2000). Learning in Groups: A Handbook for Improving Group Work, 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page.
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., and Smith, K. A. (1991). Cooperative Learning: Increasing College Faculty Instructional Productivity. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No.4. Washington, D.C.: School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University.
Race, P. (2000). 500 Tips on Group Learning. London: Kogan Page.
Silberman, M. (1996). Active Learning: 101 Strategies to Teach Any Subject. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.