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130. Ibid., p. 63.
131. Ibid., p. 60.
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151. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy, p. 176.
152. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning
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153. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu
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of Psychological Anthropology 1(1978): 235.
154. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images
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155. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality
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156. Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia," p. 236.
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158. Lia Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families: A Biosocial Approach.
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160. Milton Diamond, "Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior
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161. Ibid., p. 431.
162. Herman Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkunde:
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163. Herman Heinrich Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul Bartels. Femina Libido
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Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, 177.
164. Gilbert Herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications:
Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press,
1990, pp. 139, 274.
165. L. L. Langness, "Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?" Ethos
18(1990): 395
166. Ibid., p. 399.
167. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, p. 160.
168. Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, p. 42.
169. Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense."
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.
170. Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, pp. 72, 138, 163.
171. Ibid., p. 163.
172. Ibid., p. 165.
173. Ibid., pp. 165-166.
174. Ibid., p. 169.
175. Ibid., p. 170.
176. Barbara B. Harrell, "Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective."
American Anthropologist 83(1981): 799.
177. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism in Mothers
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the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 1983;
"Cultural Images of Women as Mothers: Motherhood Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin
of Papua New Guinea." Social Analysis 15(1984): 73-93; "Coming Into
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Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua
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178. Poole, "Cultural Images," p. 87.
179. Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," pp. 127, 106.
180. Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism," pp. 2-3.
181. Ibid., p. 6.
182. Ibid., p. 11.
183. Poole, "Personal Experience," p. 115.
184. Ibid., p. 118.
185. Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," p. 159.
186. Ibid., p. 137.
187. Ibid., pp. 137, 159.
188. Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense."
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.
189. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic
Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison: International Universities
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190. Robert B. Edgerton, Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive
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192. Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian
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193. Bruce Knauft, cited in Anne V. Masters, "Comments on Anthropological
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194. John W. M. Whiting, Becoming a Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in
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195. Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow,
1930, pp. 23-24.
196. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning
in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 295.
197. Ibid.
198. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands
Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 69.
199. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning
in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 298-301.
200. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the
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201. L. Bryce Boyer, "On Man's Need To Have Enemies: A Psychoanalytic
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202. Thomas S. Weisner, "Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking
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203. Annette B. Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives
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204. Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the middle Ramu and the Upper Keran
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210. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the
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211. Michael Cole. Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline.
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212. Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture: Aboriginal Child-Rearing
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213. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the
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214. Robert A. LeVine, "Child Rearing as Cultural Adaptation." In
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215. E. Richard Sorenson, The Edge of the Forest: Land, Childhood
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216. Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's
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217. Clifford Boram, Uksapmin Children. New Haven: HRAF, 1980, p.
214.
218. Ibid. p. 237.
219. Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture, p. 32.
220. Carol L. Jenkins, Alison K. Orr-Ewing and Peter F. Heywood, "Cultural
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221. Paula Brown, Highland Peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge
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222. Carol L. Jenkins et al., "Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood
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223. Maria A. Lepowsky, "Food Taboos, Malaria and Dietary Change:
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224. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 236.
225. Brigit Obrist van Eeuwijk, Small But Strong: Cultural Contexts
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226. Ibid., p. 13.
227. Patricia K. Townsend, The Situation of Children in Papua New
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228. Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow,
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229. Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on
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230. Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin,
Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University
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231. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea.
New Haven: HRAF, 1972, pp. 30, 534.
232. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 229; Ian Hogbin,
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Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's
Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brom and Associates, 1992, p.
17.
233. L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of
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Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp.
26-27.
234. Ibid., 23.
235. Jane Beckman Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of
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R. McCown. Menlo Park: Cummings, 1979, p. 167.
237. W. C. McGrew and Anna T. C. Feistner, "Two Nonhuman Primate Models
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238. Sydney Mellen, The Evolution of Love Oxford: W. H. Freeman and
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240. James J. McKenna, "Parental Supplements and Surrogates Among
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241. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge:
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242. See evidence in Chapter 8.
243. C. Owen Lovejoy, "The Origin of Man." Science 211(1981): 341-350.
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247. Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1965, p. 45.
248. Alayne Yates, "Children Eroticized by Incest." American Journal
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249. Bronislaw Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society. Cleveland:
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250. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea.
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251. Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin,
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of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973,
p. 76.
252. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison,
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253. Stanley N. Kurtz, "Polysexualization: A New Approach to Oedipus
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254. Frank W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A
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255. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 67.
256. Géza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality
and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950,
pp. 141, 169.
257. Sherry B. Ortner, "Gender and Sexuality in Heirarchical Societies:
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B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds., Sexual Meanings: The Cultural
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258. Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Sexual Behavior in
West Arnhem Land. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1951, p. 21.
259. Armando R. Favazza, Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture
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p. 159.
260. Raymond Firth, We, The Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship
in Primitive Polynesia. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1936, p. 494.
261. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among
a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1962, p. 165.
262. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison,
Dialectice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 96.
263. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic
Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn., International Universities
Press, 1988, P. 464.
264. Gilbert H. Herdt, "Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation."
In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua
New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Pres, 1982, p. 71.
265. Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity.
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, p. 236.
266. Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World:
Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 173.
267. Ibid, p. 172.
268. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images
of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White
and John Kirkpatrick, Ed., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring
Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1985, p. 195.
269. J. Patrick Gray, "Growing Yams and Men: An Inerpretation of Kimam
Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior." In Evelyn Blackwood, Ed., Anthropology
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270. Herdt, Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Insitiation," p. 81.
271. Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1985, pp. 116, 132
272. Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized
Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990):
18.
273. Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination, pp. 132
and 116.
274. Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia." The Journal of
Psychoanalytic Anthropology 10(1987): 173.
275. William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural
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276. "Interview: Gilbert Herdt." Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia
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277. New York Times, April 28, 1998, p. A10.
278. Fitz John Porter Poole, "The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects
of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation." n Gilbert
H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 120-121.
279. Theodore Lidz and Ruth Silmanns Lidz, Oedipus in the Stone Age:
A Psychoanalytic Study of Masculinization in Papua New Guinea. Madison,
Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989, pp. 52, 91.
280. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among
a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1962, p. 94.
281. Ibid, p. 58.
282. Margaret Mead, "The Mountain Arapesh. II. Supernaturalism." Anthropological
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1940, p. 347.
283. Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity
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Eds., Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 380..
284. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft
Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 144.
285. Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House:
Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brown & Assoc.,
1992, p. 51.
286. Mary deYoung, "Self-Injurious Behavior in Incest Victims: a Research
Note." Child Welfare 61(1982): 579.
287. Ibid, p. 581.
288. Wulf Schiefenhovel, "Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual
Behavior in Melanesia." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial
Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 414.
289. Theodor Reik, Ritual: Psycho-Analytic Studies. New York: International
Universities Press, 1946, p. 106.
290. Michio Kitahara, "A Cross-Cultural Test of the Fruedian Theory
of Circumcision." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
5(1976): 535-46.
291. Rosalind Miles, The Women's History of the World. Topsfield,
Mass.: Salem House, 1988, p. 38.
292. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality
and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950,
p. 117.
293. Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized
Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990):
19.
294. Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 19.
295. Ashley Montagu, Coming Into Being Among the Australian Aborigenes:
A Study of the Procreative Beliefs of the Native Tribes of Australia.
2nd Rev. Ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974, p. 323.
296. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Transforming 'natural' woman: Female
Ritual Leaders and Gender Ideology Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." In Sherry
B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds. Sexual Meanings: the Cultural
Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1990, p. 143.
297. Nancy C. Lutkehaus and Paul B. Roscoe, Gender Rituals: Female
Initiation in Melanesia. London: Routledge, 1995.
298. Ibid, p. 18.
299. Ibid.
300. Gerald W. Creed, "Sexual Subordination: Institutionalized Homosexuality
and Social Control in Melanesia." Ethnology 3(1984): 160.
301. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 160.
302. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 9, 10.
303. Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House,
pp. 18-20.
304. L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of
New Guinea." In Jill Korbin, Ed. Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural
Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp.
16-17.
305. Ibid, p. 29.
306. Alison Mill, "Treatment of a Young Female Pedophilic Offender
with Dissociative Identity Disorder." Treating Abuse Today 18(1998):
17-21.
307. Bruce Knauft, cited in John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory
Magazine October 1988, p. 27.
308. Michele Stephen, "Dreams and Self-Knowledge among the Mekeo of
Papua New Guinea." Ethos 24(1996): 469.
309. Michele Stephen, A'aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the Self.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 134, 144.
310. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images
of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White
and John Kirkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring
Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1985, p. 200.
311. Ibid, p. 118.
312. Ibid, p. 119.
313. Fitz John Porter Poore, "Personal Experience and Cultural Representation
in Children's 'Personal Symbols' among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Ethos 15(1987):
119.
314. Ibid, p. 201.
315. Gilbert Herdt, "Spirit Familiars in the Religious Imagination
of Sambia Shamans." In Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen, Eds., The
Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick: Rutgers University
Press, 1989, pp. 99-121.
316. Simon Harrison, The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual and the Self
in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993, pp. 27,
95.
317. Ibid.
318. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 197, p. 165.
319. Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion.
New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1943, p. 33.
320. Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity
to Women." In James W. Stigler et al., Eds., Cultural Psychology:
Essays on Comparative Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1990, p. 373.
321. Susan Taft, Domestic Violence in Urban Papua New Guinea. Law
Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea, Occasional Paper No. 19, 1986.
322. Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World:
Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 175; D. K.
Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 203.
323. Michel Tousignant, "Suicide in Small-Scale Societies." Transcultural
Psychiatry 35(1998): 291-306; Dan Jorgenson, "The Clear and the Hidden:
Person, Self and Suicide Among the Telefomen of Papua New Guinea."Omega
14(1983): 113-125; Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social
Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1962, pp. 186-202.
324. Marilyn Gelber, Gender and Society in the New Guinea Highlands:
An Anthropological Perspective on Antagonism Toward Women. Boulder:
Westview Press, 1986, p. 12.
325. Gilbert H. Herdt, "Semen Depletion and the Sense of Maleness."
Stephen O. Murray, Ed., Oceanic Homosexualities. New York: Garland
Publishing, 1992, pp. 33-65.
326. Gilbert herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications:
Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press,
1990, p. 259.
327. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea.
New Haven: HRAF, 1972, p. 538.
328. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.
329. Lawrence Hammar, "Sexual Transactions on Daru: With Some Observations
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330. Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History."
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331. F. Barth, "Tribes and Intertribal Relations in the Fly head-waters."
Oceania 41(1970-1, p. 175.
332. Bruce M. Knauft, "Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies.
" Current Anthropology 28(1987), pp. 457-499.
333. John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine, October 1988,
p. 26.
334. George F. Vicedom and Herbert Tischner, The Mbowamb: The Culture
of the Mount Hagen Tribes in East Central New Guinea. Vol. I. Sydney:
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335. L. L. Langness, "child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of
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336. Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian
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337. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.
338. Leonard B. Glick, "Sorcery and Witchcraft." In Ian Hogbin, Ed.,
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339. Marie Reay, "The Magico-Religious Foundations of New Guinea Highlands
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340. Simon Harrison, Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester:
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341. Ibid, p. 88.
342. Ibid, p. 131.
343. Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity.
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981, p. 351.
344. Jeanne Hill, "Believing Rachel." The Journal of Psychohistory
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345. Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.
New York: William Morrow, 1963, p. 242.
346. John W. M. Whiting, Becoming A Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in
a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, p. 61.
347. Richard Rhodes, Deadly Feasts: Tracking the Secrets of a Terrifying
New Plague. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997, pp. 22-23.
348. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches:
Anthropophagic Images Among Bimin-Kuskusmin," and Gillian Gillison,
"Cannibalism Among Women in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea."
In Paula Brown and Donald Tuzin, Eds., The Ethnography of Cannibalism.
Washington, D.C.: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983, pp.
1-50.
349. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among
a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1962, p. 283.
350. Brian Masters, The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. London: Hodder &
Houghton, 1993, p. 218.
351. Ana S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution, p. 110.
352. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands
Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 72.
353. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987; Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations
on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." InGilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized
Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1984, pp. 337-360. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures:
History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1993 exempts some coastal southern groups from "Big Men" classifications.
354. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies,
p. 210.
355. Amy L. Richman, et al., "Maternal Behavior to Infants in Five
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Eds., Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,
1988, p. 86.
356. Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia," p. 187.
357. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft.
Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 89.
358. Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Polution: A New Guinea Religion.
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359. Gilbert Herdt, "Father Presence and Ritual Homosexuality: Paternal
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360. Patricia Draper and Henry Harpending, "Father Absence and Reproductive
Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective." Journal of Anthropological
Research 38(1982): 256.
361. Francis Edgar Williams, Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Clarendon
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362. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft.
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others analyzed in Melford E. Spiro, Oedipus in the Trobriands. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 34-35.
363. Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian
Atoll." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 7(1984): 335-365.
364. Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia."
In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1984, p. 340.
365. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies,
p. 175.
366. Ibid, p. 231.
367. Ibid, p. 72.
368. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison,
Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 120 tries
unsuccessfully to "de-throne" the bigman concept, though the number
of groups actually having full-fledged bigmen is reduced by his work.
369. Andrew P. Vayda, War In Ecological Perspective: Persistence,
Change, and Adaptive Processes in Three Oceanian Societies. New York:
Plenum Press, 1976, p. 14. In Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare:
A Theoretical History," Oceania 60(1990) 250-311 attempts to disprove
Feil's claims that warfare is more "restrained" in western highlands,
but only disproves it necessarily is less violent everywhere in the
west.
370. Ibid, p. 233-235.
371. Ibid, p. 70.
372. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 11,12.
373. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands
Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. xv.
374. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft.
Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 153.
375. Jeffrey Clark, "Pearlshell Symbolism in Highlands Papua New Guinea,
With Particular Reference to the Wiru People of Southern Highlands
Province." Oceania 61(1991): 318.
376. Ibid, p. 324.
377. Marie de Lepervanche, "Social Structure." In Ian Hogbin, Ed.,
Anthropology in Papua New Guinea: Readings From the Encylopaedia of
Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973,
p. 4.
378. Paula G. Rubel and Abraham Rosman, Your Own Pigs You May Not
Eat: A Comparative Study of New Guinea Societies. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1978, p. 22.
379. Jeffrey Clark, "pearlshell Symbolism...," p. 335.
380. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 16.
381. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.
New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997, p. 147.
382. Ibid, p. 148.
383. Ibid, pp. 306-307.
384. Ibid, p. 408.
385. Ward H. Goodenough, Ed., Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific.
Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1996; J. Peter White
and James F. O'Connell, A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and
Sahul. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
386. James Woodburn, "Hunters and Gatherers Today and Reconstruction
of the Past." In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology
London: Duckworth, 1980, p. 109.
387. Hans W. Hoek, et al., "Schizoid Personality Disorder After Prenatal
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388. The New York Times, May 28, 1996, p. C1.
389. Roy Brunton, "Why Do Trobriands Have Chiefs?" Man 10(1975): 144.
390. Robert Blust, "Austronesian Culture History: The Window of Language."
In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth,
1980. pp. 28-35.
391. Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian
Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 110.
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