1 Introduction and Overview 1
2 Development of Products by Lead Users 19
3 Why Many Users Want Custom Products 33
4 Users’ Innovate-or-Buy Decisions 45
5 Users’ Low-Cost Innovation Niches 63
6 Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 77
7 Innovation Communities 93
8 Adapting Policy to User Innovation 107
9 Democratizing Innovation 121
10 Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations 133
11 Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design 147
12 Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields 165