[1] This report is based on a compilation by the Centre pour l'Egalité des Chances et la Lutte contre le Racisme/Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestijding/Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (CEOOR).

[2] See http://eumc.eu.int/publications/eurobarometer/EB2001.pdf

[3] Out of the 350,000 Muslims living in Belgium, 125,000 come from Morocco.

[4] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, Belgium, online report. See http://tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html

[5] AP Television News 6 February 2002.

[6] The Guardian online, 19 June 2001.

[7] taz, 27 June 2002; Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, AJC, online, 12 August 2002, p. 2 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/PublicationsPrint.asp?did=618 ).

[8] The European Terrorism Review, July 2002; see also Likud of Holland, Brussels, Telegraph Group online, 4 June 2002.

[9] Lawyers Committee for Humans Rights, Fire and Broken Glass. The Rise of Anti-Semitism in Europe, Strasbourg, May 2002, p. 6 (see http://www.lchr.org/iJP/antisemitism_report.pdf ), citing Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, Jews Suffer Surge of Hate on Streets of Belgium, Daily Telegraph, 30 May 2002.

[10] Anti-Semitic Assault on Rabbi in Belgium, in: Stephen Roth Institute, Anti-Semitism and Racism, update 6 December 2001.

[11] Source: Forum of Jewish Organisations of Antwerp.

[12] Same source.

[13] These are a few of the statements of the press release on 6 June 2002, which can be found on the site of the AEL League.

[14] Joel Kotek, Antisemitic Motifs in Belgian anti-Israel Propaganda, in: Antisemitism Worldwide 2001/2 (see: http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2001-2/kotek.htm ). This accusation seems to vary the age-old prejudice of Jewish ritual murder in which the Jews were accused to slaughter Christian children in order to get their blood for religious purposes.

[15] Ibid.

[16] In addition to the cited countries the survey include also Switzerland.

[17] See http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4118_13.asp and full text version at http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/European_Attitudes.pdf.; http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/EuropeanAttitudesPoll-10-02.pdf

[18] Haaretz online, 1 February 2002.

[19] For the declaration see the press release presented by the German Federal Interior Ministry, Pressemitteilung des Bundesministeriums des Inneren (Germany), 19 April 2002.

[20] This report is based on the compilation by Naevet for Etnisk Ligenstilling/The Danish Board for Ethnic Equality.

[21] That anti-Semitism is not a central issue in Denmark is shown that besides the Danish Civil Security Service (PET) – as they collect data on “racially motivated” crime in Denmark – information only otherwise comes from Jewish organisations. The following institutions and organisations have been consulted: the Jewish Community (Det Mosaiske Trossamfund) (http://www.mosaiske.dk), which is the official representative of the Jewish community in Denmark; “Maichsike-hadas” (www.machsike-hadas.subnet.dk ) – an Orthodox Jewish Community in Copenhagen; Chabad (http://hjem.get2net.dk/chabad/) - a broad organization promoting Jewish awareness; JIF Hakaoh (http://www.hakoah.dk ) – a Jewish sports club (via Carolineskolen); Carolineskolen (www.carolineskolen.dk) – the main Jewish school located in Copenhagen; Progressive Jewish Forum (http://pjf.5u.com/); the Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies; the Israeli Embassy.

Other sources: daily newspapers and the Internet were used to identify homepages with anti-Semitic content.

[22] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, Denmark. (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html ).

[23] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.12 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412  ).

[24] See http://www.hasbara.us/ , Report on anti-Jewish incidents.

[25] Information by the Jewish Community.

[26] On 30 October 2002 after a weeklong trial the spokesman of the Danish branch of Hizb-ut-tahrir Fadi Abd al-Latif was sentenced to 60 days probation. He has been brought to trial because of racism having distributed all over Copenhagen in April 2002 pamphlets calling for the murder of Jews wherever they are convicted. Fadi Abd al-Latif accused the Jews being responsible for anti-Muslim feelings in Denmark. The Coordination Forum for Combating Antisemitism (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/issue.asp?t=The+current&m=12&y=2002&d=3 ).

[27] In September the Danish Prime Minister wrote in a letter to the Simon Wiesenthal Center “a sufficient basis can be established to bring before the courts of justice the question of disbanding the organization [Hizb-ut-tahrir] in accordance with the Danish Constitution”, Simon Wiesenthal Center, Press Information, 25 September 2002 (see Http://wiesenthal.com/social/press/pr_item.cfm?ItemID=6474 ).

[28] Information by the Jewish Community.

[29] The Guardian, 26 April 2002.

[30] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.12 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412 ); New York Post, 27 August 2002 (see http://www.nypost.com/postopinion/opedcolumnists/55747.htm; see http://www.onwar.com/ubb/Forum3/HTML/001029.html).

[31] New York Post, 27 August 2002 (see http://www.nypost.com/postopinion/opedcolumnists/55747.htm).

[32] Anti-Defamation League, European Attitudes towards Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 27 June 2002.

[33] This report is based on the compilation by Europäisches Forum für Migrationsstudien (efms)/European Forum for Migration Studies.

[34] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, Germany (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html ).

[35] German Bundestag, Drucksache 14/8722; Berliner Zeitung, 10 May 2002.

[36] ADL online, Global Anti-Semitism: Selected incidents around the World.

[37] Spiegel online, 16 May 2002.

[38] Allgemeine Jüdische Wochenzeitung, 24 April 2002.

[39] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, 3 June 2002 (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?ID=1952 ).

[40] Leaflet for the demonstration (see: http://attac-netzwerk-bush.de/ ). The criticism of this leaflet and of other occasions where Neonazis participated in demonstrations of attac with anti-Semitic slogans (Munich, 20 November 2002) led the network to a public statement (see www.attac.de/archiv/antisemit.php  ; discussion paper of the attac coordination committee on anti-Semitism, racism and nationalism)

[41] Spiegel online, 16 May 2002.

[42] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 21 May 2002; Spiegel online, 17 May 2002.

[43] www.stern.de, 19 May 2002; Spiegel online, 17 May 2002, 20 May 2002 and 21 May 2002; faz.net, 25 May 2002.

[44] Spiegel online, 4 April 2002.

[45] Der Spiegel, 27 May 2002.

[46] http://www.juden.de/newsarchiv/mai_2002/21_05_02_01.shtml

[47] taz, 23 May 2002.

[48] Die Tageszeitung (taz), 23 May 2002; see also www.n-tv.de, 22 May 2002.

[49] www.sueddeutsche.de, 25 May 2002; BZ, 24 May 2002; Reuters, 23 May 2002.

[50] Financial Times Deutschland, 26 May 2002; ZDF heute-journal, online, 25 May 2002

[51] At the end of September 2002 Karsli took legal proceedings against Paul Spiegel and Michel Friedman because to his opinion they had impute to him “Anti-Semitism of the worst type”, Handelsblatt.com, 27 September 2002.

[52] Frankfurter Rundschau, 6 July 2002.

[53] Süddeutsche Zeitung, 21 October 2002.

[54] Frankfurter Rundschau, 24 May 2002; quoted from the FDP discussion forum.

[55] 23 May 2002.

[56] Frankfurter Rundschau, 24 May 2002.

[57] Die Welt, 24 May 2002.

[58] Der Spiegel 31 May 2002.

[59] Frankfurter Rundschau 31 May 2002; Die Welt 30 May 2002; AP 9 May 2002; Allgemeine Jüdische Wochenzeitung 7 June 2002.

[60] Homepage Hisb-ut-tahrir, 31 March 2002. The Minister of Interior Otto Schily has forbidden the organisation on 15 January 2003 because of its “anti-Jewish and anti-Israeli inflammatory propaganda:” Der Tagesspiegel online, 15 January 2003 (http://www.tagesspiegel.de/), Süddeutsche Zeitung online, 16 January 2003(http://www.sueddeutsche.de/dpa/AP). The German webside “Muslim-Markt” (muslim market) just openly kept distance to Hizb-ut-Tahrir on 17 November 2002 (see http://www.muslim-markt.de/neues/neues.htm; http://f25.parsimony-net/forum63498/messages/10858.htm) ; see also Germany Bans Islamic Group, Washington Post online, 16 January 2003 (see http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A63793-2003Jan16.html ).

[61] Anti-Semitic hate in plain public. Besides Hiz-but-Tahrir many other Islamists agitate against Jews (Antisemitische Hetze in aller Öffentlichkeit. Neben Hiz-but-Tahrir agitieren viele andere Islamisten gegen Juden), Der Tagesspiegel, 31 October 2002, see also ibid., 29 October 2002 (see: http://www.tagesspiegel.de/ ).

[62] Duisburger Institut für Sprach- und Sozialforschung (DISS), (on behalf of the American Jewish Committee), Der Nahost-Konflikt in deutschen Printmedien. Analyse diskursiver Ereignisse seit dem Beginn der Intifada im September 2000, Duisburg May 2002.

[63] Die Zeit, 29 May 2002.

[64] Spiegel online, 30 May 2002; see also Frankfurter Rundschau 1 June 2002.

[65] Die Zeit, 29 May 2002; also: Spiegel online, 30 May 2002.

[66] Medien Tenor, Terror und sonst fast nichts. Die Berichterstattung über Israel in internationalen TV-Medien (9/2000-8/2001), Forschungsbericht Nr. 115, 15 December 2001. A recent report on news in German television (between 1999 and March 2002) comes to the conclusion that one can find only very few cases of openly biassed reporting (Institut für empirische Medienforschung, Nahostberichterstattung in den Hauptnachrichten des deutschen Fernsehens, Köln, November 2002, p.15)

[67] It must be noted however that this is a “projective” question in which the opinions of others is asked about, so that this cannot be evaluated as the attitude of the respondent.

[68] Elmär Brähler/Oskar Niedermayer, Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland, Arbeitshefte aus dem Otto-Stammer-Zentrum Nr. 6, Berlin Leipzig 2002.

[69] Der Spiegel, 11 June 2002.

[70] Anti-Defamation League, European Attitudes Towards Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 27 June 2002.

[71] www.deutscher-koordinierungsrat.de , 12 April 2002.

[72] Frankfurter Rundschau, 14 May 2002.

[73] Die Tageszeitung, 5 June 2002.

[74] Schlag ins Wasser? Deutsche Muslime distanzieren sich von Jürgen Möllemann, Der Spiegel, 10 June 2002.

[75] Süddeutsche Zeitung, 10 June 2002; the Austrian far-right politician Jörg Haider also praised Möllemann’s call for an “emancipation of democrats” in an interview with Berlin Tagesspiegel. But Möllemann rejected his support, see http://germanalert.com/, 27 May 2002.

[76] Spiegel online, 6 June 2002.

[77] Pressedienst des Deutschen Bundestages, 6 June 2002.

[78] Allgemeine Jüdische Wochenzeitung, 22 May 02; AP, 16 May 2002.

[79] Bild, 13 June 2002; Reuters, 13 June 2002.

[80] For the declaration see press release issued by the Bundesministerium des Inneren (Deutschland), 19 April 2002. The Council of Europe adopted these conclusions on his meeting 25/26 April. Meeting of the Council of Europe – Justice, Home Affairs and Civil Protection, Luxembourg, 25 /26 April 2002, “Combating Racism, Antisemitism and Xenophobia” – Council conclusions, 7991/02 (presse 104) (http://ue.eu.int/newsroom).

[81] CSCE Digest, vol. 35, No.15 (see http://www.csce.gov/digest_text.cfm?digest_id=37 )

[82] Homepage CSCE, 4 December 2002 (see http://csce.gov/press_csce.cfm?press_id=277). From Germany the invited experts were Dr. Hanno Loewy from the Fritz-Bauer-Institute, Frankfurt and Dr. Juliane Wetzel, Center for Research on Anti-Semitism, Berlin.

[83] This report is based on the compilation by Equality Authority (EA) /National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism (NCCRI).

[84] Jewish Policy Research, Anti-Semitism World Report, Ireland, 2001.

[85] Organisations contacted in this regard: the Jewish Representative Council of Ireland, the Chief Rabbi’s Office, the Israeli Embassy, the Ireland-Israel Friendship League, the Garda (Irish police) Racial & Intercultural Office.

[86] Anti-Defamation League, Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents around the World in 2002, www.adl.org/Anti_semitism

[87] This report is based on the compilation by ANTIGONE, the Information Centre for Racism, Ecology, Peace and Non-Violence. Data collection was done via

1. Regional Boards and Central Board of Jewish Communities in Greece. A written request was sent by fax and e-mail to the organisations following the format of the Rapid Response request; however, we received only one written answer from the Central Board representing the regional bodies. Our director also held a personal interview with Mr. Kostandinis, the Chairman of the Central Board, and members of our staff had interviews with members of the Board of the other main Jewish Communities in Corfu (Mr. Sousis), Larissa (Mr. Almelamsi) and Thessaloniki (Mr. Sefiha).

2. Media. The media were both monitored and studied. The monitoring of the media, which is a routine activity of the INFOCENTER, provides us with information to be further investigated. At the same time the content of the media reports is also studied since it constitutes an important attitude-forming instrument.

3. Internet. The Internet was used basically as a source of data - mostly reports from national and international organisations - and also as a source of material pertinent to our inquiry, i.e. anti-Semitic web pages, discussion groups, etc.

The report on Greece by the Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) Minority Rights Group on “Antisemitism in Greece. A Current Picture: 2001-2002”, published in November 2002 (see http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_mrgg_antisemitism_2002.rtf) gives a detailed overview on the situation of anti-Semitism in Greece today, documenting the period from January 2001 through June 2002 and emphasising that its existence is systematically denied or ignored.

[88] See Prof. Hagen Fleischer, University of Athens, paper to the Round Table Meeting “Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in Europe” Brussels 5 December 2002; see detailed in Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) Minority Rights Group on “Antisemitism in Greece. A Current Picture: 2001-2002”, published in November 2002, p.5-9 (see http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_mrgg_antisemitism_2002.rtf)

[89] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, Greece (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html ).

[90] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/balkanhr/message/3900 (Ioannina).

[91] http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010929.htm  (monstrous lie)

[92] National daily newspaper “Eleftherotypia” on 29 September 2001 and 14 October 2001 (www.iospress.gr and http://www.enet.gr/ ).

[93] Television poll conducted 17-18 October 2001 by KAPA Research among 622 households in the Greater Athens Area for the TV programme “Protagonistes,” aired on 18 October 2001 on NET (2nd channel of State Television).

[94] Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) Minority Rights Group on “Antisemitism in Greece. A Current Picture: 2001-2002”, published in November 2002, p. 3, 9-14 (see http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_mrgg_antisemitism_2002.rtf)

[95] Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) Minority Rights Group on “Antisemitism in Greece. A Current Picture: 2001-2002”, published in November 2002, p. 3 (see http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_mrgg_antisemitism_2002.rtf)

[96] Examples of this: ADL Calls on Greek Government to Condemn Anti-Semitism in the Press (see http://www.adl.org)/.

[97] Takis Michas, Many Greeks React Irrationally to the Middle East Tragedy, National Herald, 20 -21 April 2002.

[98] See Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000 ( http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/greece.htm  

[99] See the corresponding homepage.

[100] A lie transforms into anti-Semitic hysteria and reaches Greek Parliament, Eleftherotypia, 29 October 2001 ( http://groups.yahoo.com/group/balkanhr/message/2978  ).

[101] See Many Greeks React Irrationally to the Middle East Tragedy (T. Mihas), The National Herald, 20/21 April 2002 ( http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/balkanhr/message/3881    ).

[102] Panhellenic Examinations.

[103] Macedonian Press Agency, 30 January 2002 (see http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2002/02-01-31.mpa.html).

[104] Zionism 1 – Zionism 2 ( http://www.iospress.gr/ios2002/ios20020428a.htm  ).

[105] Government condemns vandalism at Holocaust memorial, Jewish cemetery, AP news 17 April 2002 (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/balkanhr/message/3869):

[106] Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) Minority Rights Group on “Antisemitism in Greece. A Current Picture: 2001-2002”, published in November 2002, p. 2 (see http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm_mrgg_antisemitism_2002.rtf)

[107] Greek Helsinki Monitor, Greek parliament speaker accuses Israel of `genocide`, 31 March 2002.

[108] Michas, ibid.

[109] Panayote Dimitras, 11 July 2002: Wiesenthal Center: Unanswered anti-Semitism in Greece’s mainstream could open the door to violence and poison the environment leading up to Olympic Games.

[110] This report is based on the compilation of the Movimiento por la paz, el desarme y la libertad (MPDL)/Movement for Peace, Disarmament and Liberty. The following information sources were used for this report: mass media; Internet (search oriented on neo-Nazi and racist groups); violence reports; personal interviews; and consultation with several organizations. The compilation of the anti-Semitic attacks of the years 2000/1 is based on the report by Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/01 online, Spain and the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Snider Social Action Institute, Worldwide Anti-Semitic Hate Crimes & Major Hate Incidents, from Jewish New Year 5761 (29 September 2000) - Present (3 November 2000), An Interim Report.

[111] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, Spain (see http://tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[112] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/01 online, General Analysis Overview, p.7 (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[113] EUMC Anti-Islamic reactions in the EU after the terrorist acts against the USA, Spain (see http://www.eumc.at/publications/terror-report/collection/Spain.pdf).

[114] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.12 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[115] Ibid.

[116] Inside Europe: Iberian Notes online, 8 April 2002.

[117] See the corresponding websites.

[118] ADL Survey “European Attitudes Toward Jews, October 2002, http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/EuropeanAttitudesPoll-10-02.pdf

[119] The MPDL declares that this point is not clear at all: there were no speeches by politicians and other opinion leaders on this subject. From the interviews performed we have extracted: the mass media gives partial information about the Israel-Palestinian conflict; this partial information is riddled with error in its use of concepts like Jew and Israel; and there is a problem with the concept foreigner and Jew, both are treated as if they mean the same meaning.

[120] See the report on Belgium, point 5.

[121] This report is based on the compilation of L’Agence pour le Développement des relations interculturelles (Adri). The sources used to count the acts are the following: all daily print press as well as press agencies; Jewish Communities’ media (Actualité juive, antisémitisme.info, etc.); Jewish groups (CRIF, UEJF), in particular the new structures or initiatives recently set up to counter anti-Semitic acts or for the purpose of victim support (Observatoire du monde juif, help lines such as SOS Vérité - Sécurité or SOS antisémitisme); anti-racist non-profit organisations (LICRA, SOS Racisme, MRAP, FASTI)

[122] World Jewish Congress online, Policy Dispatches, No. 83 (see http://www.wjc.org.il/publication/policy_dispatches/pub_dis83.html).

[123] Annual Report of the Commission Nationale Consultative des Droits de l’Homme (CNCDH) for 2000, released March 2001 (cited Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, France, (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[124] A 242-page report by « Les Antifeujs » which was published in March 2002 documents these incidents, JTA News (http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=011090&intacSee also Les Antifeujs, Actes Hostiles Commis a Paris et Region Parisienne, Septembre 2000-Juin 2002, online (http://www.consistoire.org/incidentsfr.html), “Antifeujs” means “Antijuifs” (Anti-Jews) and refers to the slang used by the youth in underprivileged suburbs which are characterised by strong North African immigration; see also Ligne verte SOS antisémitisme, Antisem.com (http://www.antisem.com/), Actes hostiles commis a paris et region parisienne, Septembre 2000-Janvier 2002; see also Centre Simon Wiesenthal –Europe, Principal anti-Semitic attacks in France, 1 January-12 May 2002 by Dr. Shimon Samuels, Director for International Liaison; see also Centre Simon Wiesenthal – Europe, Antisemitism 2002 in France. “Intifada” Import or Domestic Malaise?, by Dr. Shimon Samuels/Mark Knobel, Paris 2002.

[125] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, France (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[126] Cited by Centre Simon Wiesenthal, Antisemitism 2002 in France. “Intifada” Import or Domestic Malaise?, by Shimon Samuels/Mark Knobel, Paris 2002, p.3.

[127] In April 2002 French police services registered 119 physical acts and 448 threats with an anti-Semitic character, from then on the incidents diminished stately. Veronique Chemla (for Guysen Israel News), Baisse importante du nombre d’actes antijuifs en France selon le ministère de l’Intérieur, 22 August 2002 (see http://www. antisem.com/chemla_v020820.html.

[128] Lawyers Committee for Humans Rights, Fire and Broken Glass. The Rise of Anti-Semitism in Europe, Strasbourg, May 2002 (see http://www.lchr.org/iJP/antisemitism_report.pdf); see the list of attacks from January to April 2002 in: ADLonline, Global Anti-Semitism: selected Incidents Around the World; detailed list of the incidents from Sept. 2000 to May 2002 in: Antisem.com online “Actes hostiles commis a Paris et Region parisienne”.

[129] Jewish News Worldwide online, list-server: “Anti-Jewish Incidents in France Resumed”, 10 January 2003.

[130] A pamphlet under the title “Le Pen was, is, and will be right” warned about the influence of the Jewish “lobby” in France and Le Pen claimed “We would be wrong to forget the role of the Jewish Masonic International of B’nai B’rith (...) This powerful and hidden minority has chosen to erect invisible barriers inside the French people.” JTA News online, 22 April 2002.

[131] The reports were compiled using two sources: the media and anti-racist and community groups. It is important to note that there is no official source for this very recent period.

[132] Report on Anti-Jewish Incidents and the Struggle Against them, http://www.hasbara.us/country/Anti_Jewish_Incidents.html.

[133] Le Figaro, 15 May 2002.

[134] "Naqba" is the word used by Palestinians to refer to the forced emigration of 1948.

[135] AFP Source.

[136] See Gordon Murray, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, French Anti-Semitism (see https://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1413) and the list of anti-Semitic attacks listed by http://antisem.com/ and http://www.antsemitisme.info.

[137] The Rassemblement Pour la France was created as a strongly conservative right-wing party by former Rassemblement Pour la République (RPR) leader Charles Pasqua and former Union pour la Démocratie Française (UDF) Philippe de Villiers. It is particularly associated with anti-EU nationalism. The party had a limited success and de Villiers has since left it.

[138] Fallacis publicated her condemnation of the media, the church, and the left in the Italian weekly Panorama just on 12 April 2002, see Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p. 3 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[139] MRAP Communiqué, 11 June 2002.

[140] “Révisionniste” is often used in France as a synonym of “négationniste”, i.e. Holocaust denial.

[141] Les Antifeujs, Paris, UEJF-S.O.S Racism, Calmann-Lévy, 2002.

[142] Marianne, 8-14 April 2002.

[143] ADL, European Attitudes towards Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 27 June 2002, online version.

[144] See Pierre-André Taguieff, La nouvelle judéophobie, Paris 2002.

[145] The coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, 21 May 2002 (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/english/press/may2002.htm); Simon Wiesenthal Center, online, Sign the Protest to the French President and Prime Minister (see http://www.wiesenthal.com/mailings_swc/swc_jan25.html).

[146] For the declaration see also the press release issued by the German Federal Interior Ministry; Pressemitteilung, Bundesministerium des Innern (Deutschland), 19 April 2002. The Council of Europe adopted these conclusions on his meeting 25/26 April. Meeting of the Council of Europe – Justice, Home Affairs and Civil Protection, Luxembourg, 25/26 April 2002, “Combating Racism, Anti-Semitism and Xenophobia” – Council conclusions, 7991/02 (presse 104) (http://ue.eu.int/newsroom).

[147] Source: Actualité juive. The information was not taken up by the national dailies. On 10 December , French lawmakers adopted a bill that toughens penalties for crimes in which “a victim’ s real or presumed ethnicity, race or religion” was factor. Officials will also face more pressure to prosecute racist and anti-Semitic actions. Jewish World Bigotry Monitor, vol.2, No. 49, mailing-list.

[148] ADL Press Release, online report from 22 July 2002.

[149] Jewish News Worldwide, list server, “Anti-Jewish Incidents in France Resume”, 10 January 2003.

[150] This report is based on the compilation by the NFP “Cooperazione pe lo sviluppo dei paesi emergenti” [Co-operation for the Development of Emerging Countries] (COSPE), written by Alberto Cavaglion and Marcella Filippa. The opinions expressed in the report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not represent COSPE’s position on the issues treated. Bibliographic references: Alberto Cavaglion, Ebrei senza saperlo, Napoli 2002; Giorgio Israel, La questione ebraica oggi. I nostri conti con il razzismo, Bologna 2002; Elena Loewenthal, L’Ebraismo spiegato ai miei figli, Torino 2002; Gerald Messadié, Storia dell’antisemitismo. 2500 anni di odio e persecuzione, Casale Monferrato 2002; Monography “Limes. Italian Review of geopolitics”. Guerra santa in terra santa, n.2, 2002; Report on anti-Semitism in Italy, edited by Adrian Goldstaub, June 2002. The report will be presented at the next national Congress of UCEI (Unione delle Comunità Ebraiche Italiane, 20-23 June 2002); Pierre-André Taguieff, La nouvelle judéophobie, Paris 2002 ; B.Z. Goldberg, J. Shapiro, C. Bolado, Promesse, (Promises) USA, 2000, 102’ (Oscar 2002 for the best documentary film, presented in Italy for the first time, in “L’Espresso”, 6 June 2002).

[151] Adriana Goldstaub (Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea), paper delivered at the Congress of the UCEI, Rome 23 June 2002. The authors are grateful for the information given by Adriana Goldstaub.

[152] See European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Second Report on Italy, adopted on 22 June 2001, Strasbourg 2002.

[153] See Juliane Wetzel, Rechtsextremismus in Italien zwischen außerparlamentarischer Opposition und politischem Establishment, in: Joachim Born, Marion Steinbach (ed..), Geistige Brandstifter und Kollaborateure. Schriftkultur und Faschismus in der Romania, Dresden 1998 pp. 285-301; see also Franco Ferraresi (ed.), La destra radicale, Milano 1984.

[154] Even in the national and politically moderate press, the old accusation of murdering Jesus has surfaced, JTA Global News Service of the Jewish People, 30 April 2002 (see http://jata.org);/ see also New York Post, 2 May 2002.

[155] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, online, 14 January 2002 (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?/ID=736).

[156] The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. online, 24 January 2002 (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?ID=799).

[157] Information CDEC.

[158] See Antisemitism World Report, 1999ff.

[159] La Stampa, 2 June 2002.

[160] See Adriana Goldstaub (Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea), paper delivered at the Congress of the UCEI, Rome 23 June 2002; press research, clippings from “La Stampa”, “Corriere delle sera”, “La Repubblica”, “L’Espresso”.

[161] La Repubblica, online, 6 April 2002.

[162] Information from CDEC.

[163] ADL-online, Antisemitic incidents (see: http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/anti-semitism_global_incidents.asp#Italy); The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, online, 31 March 2002 (see http://antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?ID=1189).

[164] ANSA, 8 April 2002 (see http://www.ansa.it/notiziari/mae/20020408205832186479.html).

[165] Information by CDEC.

[166] L’Espresso, 25 April 2002 (article on Catholics and Anti-Semitics by Sandro Magister).

[167] The Vatican daily L’Osservatore Romano in its edition of 2 April spoke of an aggression that is turning into an extermination of the Palestinian people; it also referred to a language of conspiracy and sacrilege committed by those who tread on a land they believe to be theirs but which, in reality belongs to Christ. See also Osservatore Romano, 5 April 2002.

[168] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.3 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[169] La Stampa, 3 April 2002; see The Boston Globe, 28 April 2002; Israel and the Anti-Semites by Gabriel Schoenfeld, June 2002 (see http://www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/israel_and.html).

[170] La Nazione, 2 May 2002.

[171] Ruth E. Gruber, European Jews on high alert, Rome 18 October 2002, JTA (see http://www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/antiholo/highalert.html) .

[172] Panorama, 12 April 2002; see Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p. 3 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[173] See Adriana Goldstaub (Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea), paper delivered at the Congress of the UCEI, Rome 23 June 2002.

[174] In November 2001 Haaretz accused Italian football fans as the most anti-Semitic in Europe, La Repubblica, online, 4 Novermebr 2001; see also express-online, 5 September 2001. In general see EUMC, Racism, Football and the Internet, Vienna 2002.

[175] See Il Manifesto, 2 April 2002.

[176] Ibid; Research on the corresponding websites.

[177] This word traditionally identifies the highest decision-making organ of the Mafia.

[178] Reserach on the corresponding website.

[179] La Stampa online, Forum 20-29 July 2002; see also L’Espresso online, 29 July 2002: the author of the article asked himself why La Stampa has published such apologetic articles full of hate against Jews.

[180] For 2001 a poll conducted by Il Corriere della sera in January 2002 showed a sharp increase of hatred against Jews in comparison with the figures for the year 2000. In the poll 23% of the participants said that “Jews are unpleasant and do not evoke trust” (2000: 14%). 75% of the Italians are of the opinion that the mentality and the life style of the Jewish Italians are different from those of the rest of the population (2000: 50%), The Coordination Forum for Countering Anti-Semitism, online (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?ID=799).; see also Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.8 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[181] The author of the survey and director of the above organization has kindly permitted the NFP Italy to use it; see “Gli ebrei? Non sono dei veri Italiani”, http://moise.sefarad.org/belsef.php/id/369/.

[182] See the comments Chicago Tribune-online, 7 April 2002 (http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/showcase/chi-020407maelstrom1.story).

[183] ADL Survey “European Attitudes Toward Jews, October 2002, http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/EuropeanAttitudesPoll-10-02.pdf

[184] www.uil.it/uilscuola.

[185] Ebrei-palestinensi creare un confine [Jews and Palestinians, creating a boundary], in: La Stampa, 31 May 2002.

[186] European Jews wary as anti-Semitic attacks increase, AP 4 May 2002 (see http://group.yahoo.com/group/balkanhr/message/3961)

[187] World Jewish Congress, Policy Dispatches, No.83, September 2002 (see: http://www.wjc.org.il/publications/policy_dispatches/pub_dis83.html).

[188] La Repubblica-online, 25 April 2002.

[189] La Repubblica-online, 13 September 2002; see also http://www.antisemitism.org.il/showArticle.asp?ID=2874.

[190] This report is based on the compilation by Association de soutien aux travailleurs immigres (ASTI)/

Association for the support of immigrant workers. The report employs information provided by representatives of the Jewish community and the Grand Duchy police; many questions remain open.

[190] See http://eumc.eu.int/publications/eurobarometer/EB2001.pdf

[191] See http://eumc.eu.int/publications/eurobarometer/EB2001.pdf.

[192] Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union. A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the EUMC, Vienna 2001, p. 11, p. 23.

[193] Journal, 12 June 2002 : Mieux connaître la culture juive

[194] Le Quotidien, 17 March 2002: Nicolas Bastuck ,Une petite communauté dans un petit pays.

[195] Le Quotidien, 16 June 2002: Histoire(s) de … la présence juive à Luxembourg et environs.

[196] See Luxemburger Wort, 11 May 2002: Man muss die Geschichte kennen, um die Zukunft vorzubereiten.

[197] This report is based on the compilation by the Center for Research on Anti-Semitism, Technical University Berlin/Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung. Sources used are from the ECRI; Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, Netherlands (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html); Centrum Informatie en Documentatie Israel (CIDI), The Hague, online overzicht antisemitische incidenten Nederland 2001 en voorloping overzicht 2002 by Hadassa Hirschfeld.

[198] The Guardian, 9 July 2002.

[199] European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), online: Second report on the Netherlands, adopted on 15 December 2000 and made public on 13 November 2001 (see also http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2001/euro2001/vol2/netherlandsecri.htm).

[200] In summer 2000, Dutch Banks and the Amsterdam stock exchange signed an agreement with the Jewish community and Dutch Jews in Israel for restitution of 314 million guilders (about 130 million Euro) to Dutch survivors of the Holocaust or their heirs. Antisemitism Worldwide 1999/2000, online (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[201] US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, Releases Human Rights 2001, online, Country Report The Netherlands 2001, March 2002.

[202] Kesher talk, online, 2 August 2002; see also The Jewish Week, online, 26 July 2002.

[203] The Jewish Week, online, 26 July 2002.

[204] US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, Releases Human Rights 2001, online, Country Report The Netherlands 2001, March 2002.

[205] NRC Handelsblad, 31 March 2002; see also Jood.nl online, Antisemitisme niet langer tolereren, 4 June 2002.

[206] CIDI; see also US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, Releases Human Rights 2001, online, Country Report The Netherlands 2001, March 2002 (see http://www.cidi.nl/html/antisem/asr-nl-06.frameset.html).

[207] Het Parool, 31 May 2002.

[208] Among others: Anti Discrininatiebureaus in Nederland (ADB’s), Landelijke Vereniging van ADB’s (LV), Meldpunt Discrimnatie Internet (MDI), Landelijke Expertise Centrum Discriminatiezaken (LECD), Antifascistische Onderzoeksgroep Kafka, Centraal Meldpunt Voetbalvandalisme, Monitorrapport over Racisme en Extreem Rechts from the Anne Frank Stichting and the University of Leiden.

[209] CIDI: Antisemitisme – Jaaroverzicht antisemitisme in Nederland 2001 online.

[210] Netz gegen Rechts (Network against the Right) online, 3 May 2002.

[211] CIDI; see also US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, Releases Human Rights 2001, online, Country Report The Netherlands 2001, March 2002.

[212] CIDI: Antisemitisme – Jaaroverzicht antisemitisme in Nederland 2001 online, contouren antisemitisme 2002.

[213] Nieuw Kampens Dagblad, 24 April 2002.

[214] Netzwerk gegen Rechts, 3 May 2002.

[215] Racism and anti-Semitism in football stadiums is also connected with the fact that Ajax Amsterdam Football Club is regarded as Jewish. The Stephen Roth Institute on Anti-Semitism and Racism, Antisemitism Worldwide 1999/2000, online (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[216] Het Parool, 31 May 2002.

[217] CIDI Nieuwsbrief, 14 August 2002.

[218] CIDI: Antisemitisme – Jaaroverzicht antisemitisme in Nederland 2001 online, contouren antisemitisme 2002.

[219] De Volkskrant, 2 May 2002.

[220] JTA, Amsterdam 24 June 2002, via mailing list Combat Anti-Semitism; see also Het Parool, 28 May 2002; Der Tagesspiegel, 21 October 2002: Emerson Vermaat, TV journalist in the Netherlands), Gretta Duisenberg – gefährlicher als die Inflation?). The debate about Gretta Duisenberg actions continued in the following month - as she emphasized she needs “six million” signatures against the occupation of Palestine - and reached a new peak when she as president of the initiative „Stop the Palestinian occupation“ (Stop de Oorlog tegen de Palestijnen) visited Arafat traveling as a diplomat and gave interviews (Algemeen Dagblad, 10 January 2003) comparing Israeli policies to the World War II Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, see Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 14 January 2003; New York Times 9 January 2003; New York Times, 11 January 2003.

[221] US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, Releases Human Rights 2001, online, Country Report The Netherlands 2001, March 2002.

[222] CIDI: Antisemitisme – Jaaroverzicht antisemitisme in Nederland 2001 online, contouren antisemitisme 2002.

[223] See http://eumc.eu.int/publications/eurobarometer/EB2001.pdf.

[224] ADL Survey “European Attitudes Toward Jews, October 2002, http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/EuropeanAttitudesPoll-10-02.pdf

[225] Including Anne Frank House, CIDI, MDI, the Dutch Auschwitz Committee, the National Bureau for the Fight Against Racism and the 4th and 5th May Committee.

[226] Online Dienst Joods.nl, Marokkaanse en joodse jongeren eten samen, 8 July 2002.

[227] CIDI: Antisemitisme – Jaaroverzicht antisemitisme in Nederland 2001 online.

[228] Homepage of the party D66 Democraten, nieuws, online (see http://www.d66.nl/nieuws/archief/000575.html).

[229] This report is based on the compilation by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights/Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte (BIM); Department of Linguistics of the University of Vienna/Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Wien; Institute of Conflict Research/Institut für Konfliktforschung (IKF)

In order to base the analysis on a balanced mix of sources, the compilers contacted various NGOs and GOs, did a media analysis and a general search of the internet: NGOs related to the Jewish communities (Forum gegen Antisemitismus [sub-organisation of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien], ESRA, Israelitische Kultusgemeinden Salzburg, Innsbruck, and Graz), other NGOs (ZARA, Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstands [DÖW], Ökologische Linke [OEKOLI], Österreichische HochschülerInnenschaft), relevant journalists and the Federal Ministry of the Interior. All these organisations received e-mails containing the EUMC questionnaire, the period of observation and a friendly request to name other organisations to the NFP that might be able to answer these questions.

The media analysis included the survey of the following dailies: “Der Standard“, “Die Presse“, “Wiener Zeitung“, “Salzburger Nachrichten“, “Kurier“, “Kleine Zeitung“, “Oberösterreichische Nachrichten“ and “Kronen Zeitung“. The NFP looked for the keywords “anti-Semitism”, “anti-Semitic”, “Jew(s)” and “Jewish” in the online archives of these papers. Besides this, right-wing papers were scanned: “Zur Zeit” published weekly by FPÖ-members, “Aula” edited monthly by the National-freiheitliche Akademikerverbände Österreichs, an umbrella organisation of the national-“liberal” fraternities, and “Der Eckart” published monthly by the Österreichische Landsmannschaften.

The keywords “anti-Semitism – Austria” and “Jews – Austria” were used for the general search of the Internet, but this process did not reveal much new information after the first two steps of research had been finished.

[230] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/01 online, Austria (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[231] Bratic, L. (2002) Ein österreichischer Bauer im Kampf gegen die Juden (An Austrian farmer fighting the Jews), available at: http://www.ballhausplatz.at/johcgi/ball/TCgi.cgi?target=home&ID_News=1287, (14 June 2002).

[232] Kronen Zeitung, 23 May 2002 and Kleine Zeitung, 7 June 2002.

[233] The quotation was translated by the authors of the report.

[234] Zur Zeit, 31 May - 6 June 2002.

[235] Der Eckart, May 2002, p. 5. The quotation was translated by the authors of this report.

[236] Kleine Zeitung, 10 June 2002.

[237] Kurier, 29 May 2002.

[238] Gauß, K-M. (2002) Mit mir, ohne mich. Ein Journal. (With me, without me. A Journal), Wien, Zsolnay Verlag.

[239] profil, 24/2002, Der Standard, 11 June 2002, 13 June 2002 and Die Presse, 10 June 2002, 13 June 2002.

[240] Compare Günther Rathner, Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Österreich, available at: http://science.orf.at/science/news/34264, (15 June 2002).

[241] American Jewish Committee, Attitudes towards Jews and the Holocaust in Austria, New York 2001.

[242] ADL Survey „European Attitudes Toward Jews”, October 2002, http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/EuropeanAttitudesPoll-10-02.pdf

[243] Halhuber, M-J./A. Pelinka/D. Ingruber, Fünf Fragen an drei Generationen: Antisemitismus gestern, heute, morgen (Five questions put to three generations: Anti-Semitism yesterday, today, tomorrow), Wien 2002.

[244] This information was taken from the publishing company’s homepage: http://www.czernin-verlag.com/ , (15 June 2002).

[245] Der Standard, 27 May 2002.

[246] Der Standard, 5 June 2002.

[247] Der Standard, 11 June 2002.

[248] Kurier, 25 May 2002 and Der Standard, 25/26 May 2002.

[249] Compare Der Standard, 13 June 2002.

[250] This report is based on the compilation by NUMENA – Centro de Investigação em Ciencias Sociais e Humanas/Research Centre on Human and Social Sciences.

[251] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe, American Jewish Committee, online, publications, p.12 (see http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/ Publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412).

[252] ADL-online, 26 March 2002. http://www.adl.org/presrele/IslME_62/4063_62.asp (see also Chicago Tribune-online, 7 April 2002; http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/showcase/chi-020407maelstrom1.story); Spanish site of BBC: Interview with Saramago: "Palestina es como Auschwitz"; http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_1902000/1902254.stm); Jerusalem Post-omline, 27 March 2002 (see http://www.jpost.com/Editions/2002/03/27/News/News.45959.html). In the London Arabic daily “al-Hayat” the commentator praised Saramago’s courage to compare Auschwitz with the “massacres against the Palestinian people”. MEMRI, special dispatch, 5 April 2002 (see http://www.memri.de/uebersetzungen_analysen/themen/europa_und_der_nahe_osten/ eu_saramago_05_04_02.pdf).

[253] This report is based on the compilation by Ihmisoikeusliitto Ry Finnish League for Human Rights. Sources: Interview with the representative of Finnish Jewish community on 4 June; Interview with the representative of Friends of Israel association on 11 June; Interview with the office of Ombudsman for ethnic minorities on 11 June; Chat rooms and discussion groups: http://www.kpnet.com/ajanfakta/; http://netlari. econnection.fi/forum/forum.php?viesti=1510;http://www.usko.net; http://groups.google.com/ groups?hl=fi&lr= &group=sfnet.keskustelu.uskonto.kristinusko; the web page of Finnish Jewish Community: http://www. jchelsinki.fi; and articles and newspapers. The Finnish NFP is faced with similar problems gathering sources as in other EU Member States (Ireland, Denmark) in which anti-Semitism is not widespread and the corresponding state or NGO institutions systematically collating information do not exist. The biggest problem the Finnish League for Human Rights (FLHR) faced was the lack of sources. It proved to be almost impossible to find any accurate information about the situation of anti-Semitism in Finland. The problem is that there is no other monitoring centre for racism and xenophobia in Finland in addition to us.

[254] In August 2001 Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja drew a parallel between Israel and the Nazis in an interview with the newspaper Suomen Kuvalehti (24 August 2001). Tuomioja considered the actions of Israel equal to the Nazi persecution of the Jews. (see: http://www.icej.fi/051001.htm). See also Helsingin Sanomat, 29 August 2001, English edition (see: http://www.helsinki-hs.net/news.asp?id=20010829IE4); Henrik Bachner from Lund University, Sweden, in a letter to the editor of Helsingin Sanomat, 8 November 2002, referred on the statements of Tuomioja saying that he “brought shame on Finland by using this demonizing comparison”, Further he emphasised that the image of a “Nazi Israel” developed originally in the 1960s as part of anti-Zionist Soviet propaganda and then became attractive to wider opinion circles, Helsingin Sanomat, 8 November 2002.

[255] Institute for Jewish Policy Research and American Jewish Committee, Anti-Semitism World Report 1996, p.113.

[256] Murray Gordon, The New Anti-Semitism in Western Europe (see Http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/publications.asp?did=618&pid=1412); ADL Global Anti_semitism. Selected Incidents Around the World in 2002 (see http://www.adl.org/Anti-Semitism/anti-Semitism_global_incidents.asp#Finland)

[257] See http://www.hasbara.us/, Report on anti-Jewish incidents.           

[258] B&NNS Radio International. Danish and International Weekly News (see http://www.euroaudio.dk/Triple_site/banns/manus_details.asp?uniqueID=479).

[259] Interview of the NFP with a representative of the Finnish Jewish Community, 4 June 2002.

[260] See Interview in Helsingin Sanomat, 8 April 2002, http://www.helsinki-hs.net/news.asp?id=20020408IE7.

[261] Research in chat rooms by the NFP.

[262] This report is based on a compilation by the EXPO foundation. Sources and methods: the only Swedish institution compiling a formal index of anti-Semitic incidents is the Swedish Security Police (Säpo); however, such statistics are only published annually the year following the incident. To compile this report we have made use of our contacts with all three Jewish communities and are continuously receiving reports on registered anti-Semitic incidents. We are also in continuous contact with a number of individuals researching the topic. It should be noted though that many of our sources, especially officials within the Jewish communities, feel that there may be substantial hidden statistics. The gathering of information has been done basically through telephone calls that were prepared by sending out the questions well in advance of our calls. Other information, especially about activities on the Internet and newspaper articles, stems from our normal daily collection of information. We feel that there are several cases where anti-Israeli propaganda or sentiments have transgressed a boundary and become anti-Jewish propaganda and where anti-Israeli propaganda has been directed at Jews only because they are Jews.

[263] See Aufbau, online, 18 April 2002 (see http://aufbauonline.com/2002/issue8/pages8/15.html).

[264] For a closer study of the incidents during the peak period in March and April 2002 we refer to the documents published by the European Jewish Congress.

[265] ADL, online, Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2002, Sweden (see http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/anti-semitism_global_incidents.asp#Sweden).

[266] By Lin Noueihed, Beirut, reported on 1 April 2002 in The Age online, that in March “around 200 marched past the Israeli and US embassies in Stockholm, where a handful of extreme left-wing activists raided shops and destroyed Israeli-imported produce” (see http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/03/31/1017206169206.html).

[267] The Muslim population in the whole of Sweden is estimated to be between 300,000 to 350,000.

[268] On 16 September the Jewish cemetery was desecrated once again. On 12 October 2002 a window in a synagogue in Malmö was smashed, The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism, 23 October 2002 (see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/issue.asp?t=The+Current&m=10&y=2002&d=29).

[269] On 8 October, a Jewish woman in Gothenburg received 11 threatening telephone calls, see http://www.antisemitism.org.il/issue.asp?t=The+Current&m=10&y=2002&d=29).

[270] See the corresponding issues of the magazine.

[271] Aufbau, online, 18 April 2002 (see http://aufbauonline.com/2002/issue8/pages8/15.html).

[272] Henrik Bachner (Lund University), Anti-Semitism must be taken seriously, in Helsingin Sanomat, 8 November 2002.

[273] Research in the World Wide Web.

[274] See Juliane Wetzel, /Networking on the Internet. Anti-Semitism as networking tool for right-wing extremism on the World Wide Web, paper presented on the EUMC Third Annual European Round Table Conference, Vienna, 10-11October 2002.

[275] This report is based on the compilation by the Center for Research on Anti-Semitism, Berlin.

[276] Michael Whine, Anti-Semitism on the streets, in: Is there a new anti-Semitism in Britain?, online www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS%20Reports/new_antisemitism/main.htm.

[277] Antisemitism Worldwide 2000/1, online, United Kingdom (see http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/annual-report.html).

[278] Whine, ibid.

[279] Whine, ibid.

[280] Information given by the Community Security Trust, quoted in: The Guardian 2 May 2002. In Britain, incident reports are gathered from the victims themselves, press reports and the police. During 2001 the Community Security Trust (CST), the monitoring body, was accorded third-party reporting status by the police. This allows it to report anti-Semitic incidents to the police and act as a go-between between the police and those victims who are unable or unwilling to report to the police directly.

[281] Lawyers Committee for Humans Rights, Fire and Broken Glass. The Rise of Anti-Semitism in Europe, Strasbourg, May 2002, p.1 (see http://www.lchr.org/iJP/antisemitism_report.pdf).

[282] Amnesty International Press Release, AI Index: EUR 3 January 2002 (Public)News Service No: 84, 10 May 2002 speaks of “at least 48 assaults; Michael Whine, spokesman for the Community Security Trust, said that 15 British Jews have been victims of anti-Semitic attacks in the first three weeks of April, most of them in London.” See: Beth Gardiner, Associated Press, European Jews wary as anti-Semitic attacks increase, 11 May 2002

[283] Anti-Defamation League, Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World in 2002, www.adl.org/Anti_semitism.

[284] Ibid.

[285] Whine reported that: in two of the incidents involving unknown perpetrators the police or independent witnesses described the perpetrators as Arabs or Arab-looking youths (Anti-Semitism on the streets, in: Is there a new anti-Semitism in Britain?, online www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS%20Reports/new_antisemitism/main.htm)

[286] The Guardian, 26 April 2002.

[287] ADL, Anti-Semitism. It´s not a History Lesson. It´s a Current Event, ADL-Website 15 June 2002

[288] Economist.com, Anti-Semitism in Europe. Is it really rising? 4 September 2002.

[289] The Guardian, 2 May 2002.

[290] Anti-Defamation League, European Attitudes Towards Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, 27 June 2002.

[291] Economist.com, Anti-Semitism in Europe. Is it really rising?, 4 September 2002, Source: ICM, April 2002.

[292] Owen Bowcott and Sarah Hall, Vigilance and vigil to fight swastika vandals. Politicians show solidarity at desecrated synagogue, The Guardian, 3 May 2002.

[293] www.thepetitionsite.com.

[294] Ibid.

[295] Ibid.

[296] http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/vo200102/cmhansrd/cm020304/text/20304w13.htm

[297] For the declaration see press release, Federal Ministry for the Interior (Germany), 19 April 2002.

[298] www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020514/text/20514w29.htm.